Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNRs, are an allotrope of carbon believed to be the least compressible material known to humankind, as measured by its isothermal bulk modulus; aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa. ADNRs are also 0.3% denser than regular diamond. The ADNR material is also harder than type IIa diamond and ultrahard fullerite. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aggregated diamond nanorods"
The American National Standards Institute-Nanotechnology Standards Panel (ANSI-NSP) enables stakeholders in nanotechnology to work together to coordinate the development of voluntary standards. Such standards include terminology and materials properties and measurement procedures to facilitate commercialization of applications and uses of nanotechnology. ANSI established the panel in August 2004, and membership is open to all parties interested in nanotechnology standards. ...more on Wikipedia about "American National Standards Institute Nanotechnology Panel"
Artificial atoms is a term commonly used to described object that have electronic bound states as natural atoms. ...more on Wikipedia about "Artificial atom"
In the futuristic research field of molecular nanotechnology, an assembler is a conjectured construction machine that would manipulate and build with individual atoms or molecules. One of the prime goals of long-term molecular nanotechnology research is the production of a programmable self-replicating assembler. This is a conjectured device which could make a complete copy of itself given raw materials and energy. After sufficient quantities of assemblers were available, they would then be re-programmed to produce something else useful. In science fiction literature, such assemblers have been called matter compilers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Assembler (nanotechnology)"
The atom probe is an atomic-resolution microscope used in materials science that was invented in 1967 by Erwin Müller. ...more on Wikipedia about "Atom probe"
The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a very powerful microscope ...more on Wikipedia about "Atomic force microscope"
Ballistic conduction is the characteristic of a material with crystalline properties, allowing electrons to flow through the material without collisions. The material must be free of impurities that the electrons will be capable of colliding with. The collisions cause the electrons to slow down, and cause the material to heat, effectively creating resistance in the material. Ballistic conduction differs from superconductivity due to the absence of the Meissner effect in the material. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ballistic conduction"
A bio-nano generator is a nanoscale electrochemical device, like a fuel cell or galvanic cell, but drawing power from blood glucose in a living body, much the same as how the body generates energy from food. To achieve the effect, an enzyme is used that is capable of stripping glucose of its electrons, freeing them for use in electrical devices. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bio-nano generator"
Biomolecular Nanotechnology is the term coined for synthetic technology based on the principles and chemical pathways of living organisms, ranging from genetic-engineered microbes to custom-made organic molecules. It encompasses the study, creation, and illumination of the connections between structural molecular biology and molecular nanotechnology, since the development of nano-machinery might be guided by studying the structure and function of the natural nano-machines found in living cells. Bionanotechnology seeks to modify and find technological uses of natural nano-components like the nano-motors of ATP synthase and things like using the scaffold of the enzyme complex of cellulosomes for adding new enzymes to make "nanosomes". ...more on Wikipedia about "Bionanotechnology"
Brownian motors are nano-scale or molecular devices by which thermally activated processes (chemical reactions) are controlled and used to generate directed motion in space and to do mechanical or electrical work. These tiny engines operate in an environment where viscosity dominates inertia, and where thermal noise makes moving in a specific direction as difficult as walking in a hurricane: the forces impelling these motors in the desired direction are minuscule in comparison with the random forces exerted by the environment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brownian motor"
A Bucky gel actuator is a plastic actuator based on a electroactive polymer system. The actuator is a polymer-supported layer of polyelectrolyte material consisting of an ionic liquid sandwiched between two electrode layers consisting of a gel of ionic liquid containing single wall carbon nanotubes. The name refers to bucky balls. [1] ...more on Wikipedia about "Bucky gel actuator"
Buckypaper is a thin sheet made from carbon nanotubes that is 250 times stronger than steel and 10 times lighter. It is being developed by Dr. Ben Wang from Florida State University and has already attracted research funding from the Army Research Lab and Air Force Office of Scientific Research. ...more on Wikipedia about "Buckypaper"
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbon nanotube"
In chemistry A carbyne is a monovalent carbon radical species. It occurs in several ways. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbyne"
Cognotechnology is an emerging field that is technology applied to the cognitive domain, and is the result of a convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology and information technology, according to Gerald Yonas, vice president and principal scientist at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico ( US Department of Energy). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cognotechnology"
Colloidal gold is a suspension (or colloid) of sub- micrometre-sized particles in a fluid, usually water. The liquid is usually either an intense red colour (for particles less than 100 nm), or a dirty yellowish colour (for larger particles) . Known since ancient times, it was originally used as a method of staining glass; however, serious research into colloidal gold did not begin until Michael Faraday's work of the 1850s. ...more on Wikipedia about "Colloidal gold"
Comb-drives are linear motors that utilise electrostatic forces that act between two metal combs. While comb drives built at normal human scales (size) are extremely inefficient there is the potential to minimize them to microscopic or nanoscale devices where more common designs will not function. Almost all comb-drives are built on the micro or nano scale and are typically manufactured using silicon. ...more on Wikipedia about "Comb drive"
In futurology, computronium refers to a hypothetical material engineered to maximize its use as a computing substrate. While futurists usually use it to refer to hypothetical materials engineered on the molecular, atomic, or subatomic level by some advanced form of nanotechnology, the term can also be applied both to contemporary computing materials, and to constructs of theoretical physics that are unlikely to ever be practical to build. ...more on Wikipedia about "Computronium"
In physics, a Coulomb blockade, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is the increased resistance at small bias voltages of an electronic device comprising at least one low- capacitance tunnel junction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coulomb blockade"
Diamondoid, in the context of building materials for nanotechnology components, most generally refers to structures that resemble diamond in a broad sense: namely, strong, stiff structures containing dense, 3-D networks of covalent bonds, formed chiefly from first and second row atoms with a valence of three or more. Examples of diamondoid structures would include crystalline diamond, sapphire, and other stiff structures similar to diamond but with various atom substitutions which might include N, O, Si, S, and so forth. Graphite consisting of carbon atoms arranged in planar sheets (" graphene" sheets), carbon nanotubes consisting of sheets of carbon atoms rolled into tubes, spherical buckyballs and other graphene structures are sometimes also included in the class of diamondoid materials for nanotechnology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diamondoid"
Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) is a Scanning Probe Lithography technique invented in Dr. Mirkin's laboratory at Northwestern University, in which a microscopic pen (e.g. the tip of an Atomic Force Microscope cantilever) is coated with an "ink" (a chemical compound or mixture) and put in contact with a substrate (the paper). ...more on Wikipedia about "Dip Pen Nanolithography"
The idea of using DNA as a material for molecular-scale construction of objects and devices was pioneered in the late 1980s by Nadrian Seeman and co-workers from New York University. DNA is used because of the numerous biological tools already found in nature that can affect DNA, and the immense knowledge of how DNA works previously researched by biochemists. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA machine"
Ecophagy is a term coined by Robert Freitas that means, literally, the consuming of an ecosystem. Freitas used the term to describe a scenario involving molecular nanotechnology gone awry. In this situation (called the grey goo scenario) out-of-control self-replicating nanorobots consume entire ecosystems, resulting in global ecophagy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ecophagy"
The electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope, or ESTM, was invented in 1988 by Kingo Itaya in Japan. With ESTM, the structures of surfaces and electrochemical reactions in solid- liquid interfaces can be observed at atomic or molecular scales. ...more on Wikipedia about "Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope"
Endohedral Fullerenes are fullerenes that have incorporated in their inner sphere atoms, ions or clusters. The first lanthanum C60 complex was synthesed in 1985 called La@C60. The @ sign in the name reflects the notion of a small molecule trapped inside a shell. Two types of endohedral complexes exist: endohedral metallofullerenes and non-metal doped fullerenes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Endohedral fullerenes"
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