Navigation Navigation The 1 in 60 rule is used in air navigation, and states that if a pilot has travelled sixty miles then an error in track of one mile is approximately a 1° error. In reality the error is 0.96° but this difference is trivial in air navigation. It is hard to fly more accurately than within about 2° of tolerance. The error increases with the angle but again remains within flying tolerances for any error that is likely to occur in the air. Because this rule is used by single pilots with many other tasks to perform, often in a basic aircraft without the aid of an autopilot, it must be a simple process that can be performed in their heads. ...more on Wikipedia about "1 in 60 rule"
The age of sail is the period in which international trade and naval warfare were both dominated by sailing ships. ...more on Wikipedia about "Age of Sail"
The principles of air navigation are the same for all aircraft, big or small. Air navigation involves successfully piloting an aircraft from place to place without getting lost, breaking the laws applying to aircraft, or endangering the safety of those on board or on the ground. ...more on Wikipedia about "Air navigation"
The Australian Merchant Navy Memorial is on the northern shore of Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, the national capital city of Australia. ...more on Wikipedia about "Australian Merchant Navy Memorial, Canberra"
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid, ARPA, gives a maritime radar the possibility to follow targets resembling other ships, calculating their course, speed and possible collision with own vessel. ...more on Wikipedia about "Automatic Radar Plotting Aid"
Azimuth is the horizontal component of a direction ( compass direction), measured around the horizon usually from North toward the East, i.e. clockwise and is usually measured in degrees. It may less commonly be measured from the South point. Azimuth is often, some consider incorrectly, referred to as a bearing. ...more on Wikipedia about "Azimuth"
A bar pilot guides ships over the dangerous sandbars at the mouth of rivers and bays. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bar pilot"
In navigation, a bearing is the angle between the direction to an object and a reference direction. Unless otherwise specified, the reference direction is generally understood to be magnetic North, in which case the term compass bearing is also used. If navigating by gyrocompass, the reference direction is true north. In stellar navigation, the reference direction is that of the North Star, Polaris. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bearing (navigation)"
The Board of Longitude was a British Government body formed in 1714 to solve the problem of finding longitude at sea. Its establishment was largely motivated by the 1707 grounding of Vice-Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell's fleet off the Isles of Scilly. The Board gathered the greatest scientific minds of its day to work on the problem, including Sir Isaac Newton, and also put up prizes for those who could demonstrate a working device, the longitude prize: the massive sums of 10,000 British pounds for a method that could determine longitude to within 60 nautical miles (111 km), 15,000 for one that could determine it within 40 nautical miles (74 km), and 20,000 pounds (equivalent to millions in today's currency) if the method could determine longitude within 30 nautical miles (56 km). ...more on Wikipedia about "Board of Longitude"
A buoy is a floating device that can have various purposes, which determine whether the buoy is anchored (stationary) or allowed to drift. In American English it is pronounced , while in Commonwealth English (including Canada), the pronunciation is virtually identical to boy ( ). ...more on Wikipedia about "Buoy"
A cardinal mark is a sea mark (a buoy or other floating or fixed structure) used in maritime pilotage to indicate the position of a hazard and the direction of safe water. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cardinal mark"
Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is a position fixing technique that was the first system devised to help sailors locate themselves on a featureless ocean. Celestial navigation uses angular measurements (sights) between the horizon and a common celestial object. The Sun is most often measured. Skilled navigators can use the Moon, planets or one of 57 "navigational stars" that are described in nautical almanacs. Sights on the moon, planets and stars allow navigation to occur at night or when clouds obscure other objects. ...more on Wikipedia about "Celestial navigation"
A Celestial Navigation Trainer is a device designed to train pilots in celestial navigation, the technique of position fixing by reference to the positions of stars and other bodies in the sky. ...more on Wikipedia about "Celestial Navigation Trainer"
A celestial observation is the measurement of the angular distance of a celestial body from the observer to the horizon, usually with a sextant. ...more on Wikipedia about "Celestial observation"
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A light characteristic is a coded description displayed on a nautical chart under the chart symbol for a lighthouse, lightvessel or sea mark with a light on it, to indicate how that light is recognised visually and audibly. ...more on Wikipedia about "Characteristic light"
To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights. See also modern circumnavigation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Circumnavigation"
A compass rose, compass card or wind rose, is a figure displaying the orientation of the cardinal directions, north, south, east and west on a map or nautical chart. Naming all 32 points on the rose is called boxing the compass. A fleur-de-lis figure, evolved from the initial T in the north wind's name Tramontana, is sometimes used to indicate the north direction. Similarly, on old maps the east was marked with an L for Levante, or with a + indicating the direction of Jerusalem from the point of view of western Europe's countries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Compass rose"
A course, in navigation, is the direction of travel. ...more on Wikipedia about "Course (navigation)"
A day beacon is an unlighted nautical sea mark. Typically, day beacons supplement channels whose key points are marked by lighted buoys. Day beacons may also mark smaller navigable routes in their entirety. ...more on Wikipedia about "Day beacon"
Dead reckoning is the process of estimating a global position of a vehicle by advancing a known position using course, speed, time and distance to be traveled. That is, in other words, figuring out where you momentarily are or where you will be at a certain time if you hold the speed, time and course you plan to travel. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dead reckoning"
Det Kongelige danske Søkortarkiv ( English: the Royal Danish Nautical charts archive) was a Danish Navy department, responsible for making accurate nautical charts for the Danish government, primary the Navy, for nearly 200 years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Det Kongelige danske Søkortarkiv"
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Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that uses a network of fixed ground based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the satellite systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. DGPS was especially useful when GPS was still degraded using "Selective Availability", because it could improve accuracy to 5–10 metres. The European DGPS network has been mainly developed by the Finnish and Swedish maritime administrations in order to improve safety in the archipelago between the two countries. The US Department of Transportation, in conjunction with the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Railroad Administration and the National Geodetic Survey appointed the United States Coast Guard as the maintaining agency for the US Nationwide DGPS network. The centralized Command and Control unit is USCG Navigation Center, based in Alexandria, VA. The USCG has carried over its NDGPS duties after the transition from the Department of Transportation to the Department of Homeland Security. There are 84 currently broadcasting NDGPS sites in the US network, with plans for up to 128 total sites to be online within the next 15 years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Differential GPS"
(Ex-meridian) Ex- Meridian is an astronomical navigation method of calculating an observers position on earth. The method gives the observer a position line on which the observer is situated. It is usually used when the sun is obscured at noon and as a result a meridian altitude is not possible. The navigator measures the altitude of the sun as close to noon as possible and then calculates where the position line lies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ex-meridian"
A position fix or simply a fix is a term used in position fixing in navigation to describe a position derived from measuring external reference points. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fix (position)"
Flavio Gioja, Italian inventor (fl. 1302). ...more on Wikipedia about "Flavio Gioja"
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