Neuroscience Neuroscience The A/S ratio is the proportion of the brain not directly connected with either receptor inputs or motor outputs, where A is the association cortex and S is the sensory cortex. The A/S ratio can be measured for any organism with a brain, and the higher the A/S ratio, the more complex the brain is. ...more on Wikipedia about "A/S ratio"
The sixth of twelve cranial nerves, the abducens nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle and therefore controls each eye's ability to abduct (move away from the midline). The abducens nerve emerges from the ipsilateral abducens nucleus between the caudal pons beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle and the medulla (the pontomedullary junction). The abducens nerve exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure, one of the holes in the skull behind the eye. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abducens nerve"
The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. This nucleus is located beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons, medial to the sulcus limitans. The abducens nucleus along with the internal genu of the facial nerve make up the facial colliculus, a hump at the caudal end of the medial eminence on the dorsal aspect of the pons. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abducens nucleus"
The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation (the crossing fibers of the posterior column/medial lemniscus tract). It receives input from cervical spinal nerves and transmits that information to the cerebellum. These fibers are called cuneocerebellar (cuneate nucleus > cerebellum) fibers. In this function, the accessory cuneate nucleus is comparable to the upper extremity portion of the posterior spinocerebellar tract. ...more on Wikipedia about "Accessory cuneate nucleus"
The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. It is a chemical transmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acetylcholine"
An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are used by the body to communicate fast internal messages between its tissues making them an essential feature of animal life at the microscopic level. They can be created by many types of body cells, but are used most extensively by the nervous system to send messages between nerve cells and from nerve cells to other body tissues such as muscles and glands. ...more on Wikipedia about "Action potential"
Activation Synthesis Theory is a neurobiological theory of dreams, put forward by Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, which states that dreams are a random event caused by firing of neurons in the brain. This random firing sends signals to the body's motor systems, but because of a paralysis that occurs during REM sleep, the brain is faced with a paradox. It synthesizes a narrative by drawing on memory systems in an attempt to make sense of what it has experienced. ...more on Wikipedia about "Activation synthesis theory" Be happy with www.shortopedia.com
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone synthesised (from POMC, pre-opiomelanocortin) and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) released by the hypothalamus. It consists of 39 amino acids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adrenocorticotropic hormone"
Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion. This interdisciplinary field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. ...more on Wikipedia about "Affective neuroscience"
In the nervous system, afferent neurons--otherwise known as sensory or receptor neurons--carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system. This term is can also be used to describe relative connections between nervous structures. ...more on Wikipedia about "Afferent nerve"
Alpha waves are electromagnetic oscillations in the frequency range of 8-12 Hz arising from synchronous and coherent (in phase / constructive) electrical activity of large groups of neurons in the human brain. They are also called Berger's wave in memory of the founder of EEG. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alpha wave"
The alveus of the hippocampus borders the wall of the lateral ventricle and is composed of white, myelinated fibers. The alveus arises from cell bodies in the subiculum and hippocampus, and eventually merges with the fimbria of the hippocampus. The fimbria goes on to become the fornix. These structures are part of the limbic system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alveus of the hippocampus"
Located deep in the brain's medial temporal lobe, the almond-shaped amygdala (in Latin, corpus amygdaloideum) is believed to play a key role in the emotions. It forms part of the limbic system. In humans and other animals, this subcortical brain structure is linked to both fear responses and pleasure. Its size is positively correlated with aggressive behavior across species. In humans it is the most sexually dimorphic brain structure, and shrinks by more than 30% in males upon castration. Conditions such as anxiety, autism, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and phobias are suspected of being linked to abnormal functioning of the amygdala owing to damage, developmental problems, or neurotransmitter imbalance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amygdala"
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex and includes Brodmann's area 24 (ventral ACC) and 32 (dorsal ACC). The ACC forms a collar around the corpus callosum, which relays neural signals between the right and left hemispheres. The ACC appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating heart rate and blood pressure, and is vital to cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy, and emotion. Neuroscientists indicate the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is primarily related to rational cognition while the ventral is more related to emotional cognition. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anterior cingulate cortex"
Anterior horn can refer to different anatomical structures within the central nervous system: ...more on Wikipedia about "Anterior horn"
(Anticholergenic) An effect which reduces the amount of Acetylcholine in the brain. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anticholergenic"
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a hormone that is mainly released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to save water by concentrating the urine and is also involved in the creation of thirst. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antidiuretic hormone"
An apical dendrite is a dendrite that emerges from the apex of a pyramidal cell. These dendrites project into the more shallow layers of the cerebral cortex allowing for intracortical communication. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apical dendrite"
The Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex (GSWR) is an involuntary, defensive reflex of the sea slug Aplysia that causes its delicate siphon and gill to be retracted when the animal is disturbed. The reflex is mediated by a siphon LE mechanosensory neuron and a gill or siphon motor neuron (L7 or LFS). ...more on Wikipedia about "Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex"
The arbor vitae ( Tree of Life) refers to the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arbor vitae (anatomy)"
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In anatomy of animals, the archipallium the oldest region of the brain's pallium. ...more on Wikipedia about "Archipallium"
The arcuate fasciculus (literally the 'curved bundle') is the neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex in the brain. In the cerebral hemisphere specialised for language, this pathway is thought to connect Broca's area to Wernicke's area. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arcuate fasciculus"
Aspartic acid (Asp), also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aspartic acid"
Lebedev et al. experiment that dissociated representation of spatial attention from representation of spatial memory in prefrontal cortex ...more on Wikipedia about "Attention versus memory in prefrontal cortex" Enjoy shortopedia. Neuroscience
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