Nitrogen metabolism Nitrogen metabolism In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. In biochemistry, this shorter and more general term is frequently used to refer to alpha amino acids: those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, the so-called α–carbon. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amino acid"
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. At standard temperature and pressure ammonia is a gas. It is toxic and corrosive to some materials, and has a characteristic pungent odor. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ammonia"
Anammox -acronym for anaerobic ammonium oxidation- is the latest addition to the knowledge on the nitrogen cycle. In this biological process, nitrite and ammonium are converted directly into dinitrogen gas. This process makes up a major proportion of dinitrogen conversion in the oceans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anammox"
The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. Urea is a substance secreted by the liver, and removed from the blood by the kidneys. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blood urea nitrogen"
Denitrification is the process of reducing nitrate, a form of nitrogen available for consumption by many groups of organisms, into gaseous nitrogen, which is far less accessible to life forms but makes up the bulk of our atmosphere. It can be thought of as the opposite of nitrogen fixation, which converts gaseous nitrogen into more biologically useful forms. The process is performed by heterotrophic bacteria (such as Pseudomonas fluorescens) from all main proteolitic groups. Denitrification and nitrification are parts of the nitrogen cycle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Denitrification"
Diazotrophs are microorganisms that ' fix' atmospheric nitrogen gas in to a more usable form such as ammonia. Examples of organisms that do this are rhizobia and Frankia (in symbiosis) and Azospirillum. A diazotroph is an organism that is able to grow without external sources of fixed nitrogen. All diazotrophs contain iron-molybdenum nitrogenase systems. Two of the most studied systems are those of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Azotobacter vinlandii. These systems are used because of their genetic tractability and their fast growth . ...more on Wikipedia about "Diazotroph"
An essential amino acid for an organism is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism from other available resources, and therefore must be supplied as part of its diet. ...more on Wikipedia about "Essential amino acid" This article is made for shortopedia Nitrogen_metabolism
Fabaceae is the botanical name of a plant family. As circumscribed by the APG system adopted as standard by wikipedia, it is a large family: Fabaceae sensu lato. The APG-system uses Fabaceae and Leguminosae as equivalent botanical names. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fabaceae"
Fertilisers or fertilizers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar spraying, for uptake through leaves. Fertilisers can be organic (composed of organic matter, i.e. carbon based), or inorganic (containing simple, inorganic chemicals). They can be naturally-occurring compounds such as peat or mineral deposits, or manufactured through natural processes (such as composting) or chemical processes (such as the Haber process). ...more on Wikipedia about "Fertilizer"
Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu', via Spanish) is the name given to the collected droppings of seabirds and bats. It is highly prized as an effective fertilizer due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. Superphosphate made from guano is used for aerial topdressing. Among farmers, bird excrement is well known for dramatically increasing crop production. Soil that is deficient in organic matter can be made much more productive by addition of this manure. Guano consists of ammonia, along with uric, phosphoric, oxalic, and carbonic acids, as well as some earth salts and impurities. The high concentration of nitrates also made guano an important strategic commodity; in fact, the War of the Pacific between the Peru- Bolivia alliance and Chile was primarily based upon Bolivia's attempt to tax Chilean guano harvesters. ...more on Wikipedia about "Guano"
In inorganic chemistry, nitrates are the salts of nitric acid. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrate"
(Nitric oxide)
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. This process was discovered by the Russian microbiologist, Sergei Winogradsky. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrification"
Nitrogen is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol N and atomic number 7. Commonly a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic non-metal gas, nitrogen constitutes 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living tissues. Nitrogen forms many important compounds such as amino acids, ammonia, nitric acid, and cyanides. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrogen"
Nitrogen assimilation is a fundamental biological process that occurs in plants and algae that are incapable of independent nitrogen fixation. The assimilation of nitrogen has marked effects on plant productivity, biomass, and crop yield, and nitrogen deficiency leads to a decrease in structural components. An initial conversion of nitrate to nitrite is followed by a reduction to ammonia by nitrite reductase (also called nitrite oxidoreductase). The ammonia is incorporated into glutamine as an amido nitrogen and is reductively transferred to 2-oxoglutarate to form 2 molecules of glutamate by glutamate synthase. The general steps of assimilation have been known for several years, however, the chemical mechanisms that occur in these processes remain poorly understood in large part due to the lack of detailed structural information concerning the enzymes that catalyze these reactions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrogen assimilation"
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrogen cycle"
Nitrogen (N) deficiency in plants can occur when woody material such as sawdust is added to the soil. Soil organisms will utilise any nitrogen in order to break this down, thus making it temporarily unavailable to growing plants. ‘ Nitrogen robbery’ is more likely on light soils and those low in organic matter content, although all soils are susceptible. Cold weather, especially early in the season, can also cause a temporary shortage. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrogen deficiency"
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes (such as, notably, ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide). ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrogen fixation"
Nitrogen narcosis or inert gas narcosis is a reversible alteration in consciousness producing a state similar to alcohol intoxication in SCUBA divers at depths beyond 30m. Jacques Cousteau famously described it as the "rapture of the deep". Its precise mechanism is not well understood, but it appears to be a direct effect of high nitrogen pressure on nerve transmission. While it was first observed with nitrogen (in air), other gases including argon and hydrogen also cause very similar effects under high enough pressure. Xenon is actually a usable anaesthetic at atmospheric pressure, though it is too expensive to be used in practice. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrogen narcosis"
Nitrogenase ( ) is the enzyme used by organisms to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2). Dinitrogen is relatively inert due to its triple bond. The enzyme therefore requires a lot of chemical energy in the form of ATP and reducing agents, such as NADH. The product of the reaction is ammonia, which is normally incorporated into glutamate to form glutamine. The enzyme is composed of a dimer of "MoFe" associated with a dimers of "Fe" each. Nitrogenase is supplied reducing power when it associates with the reduced, nucleotide bound Fe homodimer. The heterocomplex undergoes cycles of association and disassociation to transfer one electron, which is the limiting step in the process. The process itself is very energy intensive requiring electron donors and ATP to provide reducing power. The exact mechanism of catalysis is unknown due to the difficulty in obtaining crystals of nitrogenase bound to nitrogen. This is because the resting state of MoFe doesn’t bind nitrogen and also requires at least three electron transfers to perform catalysis. Nitrogenase is able to bind acetylene and carbon monoxide, which are noncompetitive substrates and inhibitors respectively. Dinitrogen, however, is a competitive substrate for acetylene. This is because binding of dinitrogen prevents acetylene binding, and acetylene requires only one electron to be reduced and it doesn’t inhibit . ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrogenase"
Nitrosamines are carcinogenic chemical compounds of the chemical structure R2N-N=O. Nitrosamines are produced from nitrites and amines. Their formation can only occur under certain conditions, including strongly acidic conditions such as that of the human stomach. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrosamine" Tell your friends about http://www.shortopedia.com
Nitrous acid (molecular formula H N O2) is a weak monobasic acid known only in solution and in the form of nitrite salts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrous acid"
(Nitrous oxide) General ...more on Wikipedia about "Nitrous oxide"
A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA). Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nucleic acid"
Rhizobia (from the Greek words Riza = Root and Bios = Life) are soil bacteria that fix nitrogen ( diazotrophy) after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes ( Fabaceae). The rhizobia can not independently fix nitrogen, and require a plant host. Although much of the nitrogen is removed when protein-rich grain or hay is harvested, significant amounts can remain in the soil for future crops. This is especially important when nitrogen fertilizer is not used, as in organic rotation schemes or some less-industrialized countries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rhizobia"
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