Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Physical processes at the microscopic level are either entirely or mostly (see below) time symmetric, meaning that the theoretical statements that describe them remain true if the direction of time is reversed; yet when we describe things at the macroscopic level it often appears that this is not the case: there is an obvious direction (or flow) of time. An arrow of time is anything that exhibits such time-asymmetry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arrow of time"
A Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that result in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. The only common element in these oscillating systems are the inclusion of bromine and an acid. The reactions are theoretically important in that they show that chemical reactions do not have to be dominated by equilibrium thermodynamic behavior. These reactions are far from equilibrium and remain so for a length of time. In this sense, they provide an interesting chemical model of nonequilibrium biological phenomena, and the mathematical model of the BZ reactions themselves are of theoretical interest. ...more on Wikipedia about "Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction"
In physics, dissipation embodies the concept of a dynamical system where important mechanical modes, such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of the system. Such systems are called dissipative systems. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dissipation"
A dissipative system (or dissipative structure) is an open system which is operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium within an environment that exchanges energy, matter or entropy. A dissipative system is characterized by the spontaneous appearance of a complex, sometimes chaotic, structure. The term dissipative structures was coined by Ilya Prigogine. It is also called steady-state open system and nonequilibrium open system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dissipative system"
In statistical physics, the fluctuation dissipation theorem is derived from the assumption that the response of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium to a small external perturbation is the same as its response to a spontaneous fluctuation. There is therefore a direct relation between the fluctuation properties of the thermodynamic system and its linear response properties. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fluctuation dissipation theorem"
The second law of thermodynamics stands in apparent contradiction with the time reversible equations of motion for classical and quantum systems. This is often referred to as Loschmidt's paradox. The fluctuation theorem (FT) gives a resolution to this "paradox". ...more on Wikipedia about "Fluctuation theorem"
In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, GENERIC is an acronym for General Equation for Non-Equilibrium Reversible-Irreversible Coupling. It is the general form of dynamic equation for a system with both reversible and irreversible dynamics (generated by energy and entropy, respectively). GENERIC formalism is the theory built around the GENERIC equation, which has been proposed in its final form in 1997 by Miroslav Grmela and Hans Christian Öttinger. ...more on Wikipedia about "GENERIC formalism"
Green-Kubo relations give exact mathematical expression for transport coefficients in terms of integrals of time correlation functions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Green-Kubo relations"
In thermodynamics, the H-theorem, introduced by Boltzmann in 1872, describes the increase in the entropy of an ideal gas in an irreversible process, by considering the Boltzmann equation. ...more on Wikipedia about "H-theorem"
The Jarzynski equality (JE) is an equation in statistical mechanics that relates free energy differences between two equilibrium states and non-equilibrium processes. It is named after the physicist Christopher Jarzynski ( Los Alamos National Laboratory) who discovered it in 1997. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jarzynski equality"
Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics and a time-symmetric formalism. This puts the time reversal symmetry of (almost) all known low-level fundamental physical processes at odds with any attempt to infer from them the second law of thermodynamics which describes the behaviour of macroscopic systems. Both of these are well-accepted principles in physics, with sound observational and theoretical support, yet they seem to be in conflict; hence the paradox. ...more on Wikipedia about "Loschmidt's paradox"
In physics the MaxEnt school of thermodynamics, initiated with two papers published in the Physical Review by Edwin T. Jaynes in 1957, views statistical mechanics as an inference process: a specific application of inference techniques rooted in information theory, which relate not just to equilibrium thermodynamics, but are general to all problems requiring prediction from incomplete or insufficient data (such as for example image reconstruction, spectral analysis, or inverse problems). ...more on Wikipedia about "MaxEnt thermodynamics"
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics concerned with studying time-dependent thermodynamic systems, irreversible transformations and open systems. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, as contrasted with equilibrium thermodynamics, is most successful in the study of stationary states, where there are nonzero forces, flows and entropy production, but no time variation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics"
In thermodynamics, the Onsager reciprocal relations express the equality of certain relations between flows and forces in thermodynamical systems out of equilibrium, but where a notion of local equilibrium exists. ...more on Wikipedia about "Onsager reciprocal relations"
The second law of thermodynamics, in a concise form, states that "the total entropy of any thermodynamically isolated system tends to increase over time, approaching a maximum value." ...more on Wikipedia about "Second law of thermodynamics"
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia . Direct links to the original articles are in the text.
If you use exact copy or modified of this article you should preserve above paragraph and put also : It uses material from
the Shortopedia article about "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics".
| MAIN PAGE | MAIN INDEX | CONTACT US |