Oceanography Oceanography Abyssal plains are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. They are among the Earth's flattest and smoothest regions and the least explored. Abyssal plains cover approximately 40% of the ocean floor and reach depths between 2,200 and 5,500 m (7,200 and 18,000 ft). They generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-oceanic ridge. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abyssal plain"
The abyssal zone contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans. This zone remains in perpetual darkness, at depths varying from 2,000 to 6,000 meters (6,560 to 19,680 feet). Its permanent inhabitants – for example, the Swallower fish, Tripod fish, Deep-sea angler, and the Deep-sea squid – are able to withstand the immense pressures of the ocean depths, up to 775 kilograms] per square centimeter (76 megapascals or 4.92 long tons force per square inch). The deep trenches or fissures that plunge down thousands of feet below the ocean floor – for example, the midoceanic trenches such as the Marianas in the Pacific – are almost unexplored. Only the French bathyscaph Trieste has been able to descend to these depths. These regions are also characterized by continuous cold and lack of nutrients. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abyssal zone"
Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) is an ambitious idea to observe the state the world's oceans, and the ocean climate in particular, using long-range acoustic transmissions. Prototype measurements of temperature have been made in the North Pacific Basin and across the Arctic Basin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acoustic thermometry"
Advection is the transport of a conserved scalar quantity that is transported in a vector field. A good example to have in mind would be the transport of pollution in a river: the motion of the water carries the polluted water downstream (see pigpen problem). ...more on Wikipedia about "Advection"
The Alaska Current is a warm-water eddie current resulting from the northward diversion of a portion of the North Pacific Current when that current meets the west coast of the North American continent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alaska Current"
An anoxic event occurs when the Earth's oceans become completely depleted of O2 below the surface levels. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anoxic event"
(Antarctic Technology Offshore Lagoon Laboratory) :For other uses of the term ATOLL or atoll, see atoll (disambiguation). ...more on Wikipedia about "Antarctic Technology Offshore Lagoon Laboratory"
Aquarius is an underwater habitat located in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. It is the only underwater research facility in the world dedicated to science. Aquarius is owned by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and operated by the National Undersea Research Center (NURC) at the University of North Carolina–Wilmington. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aquarius (laboratory)"
The bathyal zone begins at the continental slope and reaches a depth of 2000 meters in oceans, where it is continuous with the deeper Abyssal zone. Although larger by volume than the Euphotic zone, the bathyal zone is less densely populated. Sunlight does not reach the bottom of this zone, so plants do not grow in that area. Many forms of nekton live in the bathyal zone, such as squid, large whales, and octopus, but this zone is difficult for fish to live in. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bathyal zone"
In oceanography, marine geology and biology, benthos are the organisms and habitats of the sea floor; in freshwater biology they are the organisms and habitats of the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and creeks. Animals belonging to the benthos are sometimes referred to as zoobenthos, while plants are referred to as phytobenthos ...more on Wikipedia about "Benthos"
The Bermuda Biological Station for Research (BBSR) is an independent non-profit science and education center located in Ferry Reach, St. George, Bermuda. The Station, founded in 1932, hosts a full-time faculty of oceanographers, biologists, and environmental scientists; graduate and undergraduate students, K-13 tour groups; and ElderHostel. The Station enjoys a thriving relationship with Duke University's Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences through the Beaufort-to-Bermuda program. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bermuda Biological Station for Research"
In oceanic biogeochemistry, the biological pump is the sum of a suite of biologically-mediated processes that transport carbon from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biological pump"
The biosphere is that part of a planet's outer shell—including air, land, surface rocks and water—within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). Our planet Earth is the only place where life is known to exist. This biosphere is generally thought to have evolved beginning, through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biosphere"
In oceanography and limnology, bioturbation is the displacement and mixing of sediment particles by benthic fauna (animals) or flora (plants). The mediators of bioturbation are typically annelid worms (e.g. polychaetes, oligochaetes), bivalves (e.g. mussels, clams), gastropods, holothurians, or any other infaunal or epifaunal organisms. Faunal activities, such as burrowing, ingestion and defecation of sediment grains, construction and maintenance of galleries, and infilling of abandoned dwellings, displace sediment grains and mix the sediment matrix. The sediment-water interface increases in area as a result of bioturbation, affecting chemical fluxes and thus exchange between the sediment and water column. Some organisms may further enhance chemical exchange by flushing their burrows with the overlying waters, a process termed bioirrigation. Benthic flora can affect sediments in a manner analogous to burrow construction and flushing by establishing root structures. Bioturbation is a diagenetic process and acts to alter the physical structure, as well as the chemical nature of the sediment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bioturbation"
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In oceanic biogeochemistry, the continental shelf pump is proposed to operate in the shallow waters of the continental shelves, acting as a mechanism to transport carbon (as either dissolved or particulate material) from surface waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean. ...more on Wikipedia about "Continental shelf pump"
The term cross sea refers to a condition when water waves from one weather system continue despite a shift in wind. Waves generated by the new wind run at an angle to the old, creating confused, dangerous water. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cross sea"
The deep ocean is the lowest layer in an ocean, existing below the thermocline. ...more on Wikipedia about "Deep ocean"
Water in the Earth's oceans differs in temperature and salinity. Warm, relatively non-salty water is found at the surface, and very cold salty water is found deeper below the surface layer. Deep Ocean Water (DOW) is the name for this cold, salty water. ...more on Wikipedia about "Deep ocean water"
Downwelling is the process of accumulation and sinking of higher density material beneath lower density material, such as cold or saline water beneath warmer or fresher water or cold air beneath warm air. It is the sinking limb of a convection cell. Upwelling is the opposite process and together these two forces are responsible in the oceans for the thermohaline circulation. The sinking of cold lithosphere at subduction zones is another example of downwelling in plate tectonics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Downwelling"
Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. The major historic disciplines use physics, geography, mathematics, chemistry, and biology to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system: ...more on Wikipedia about "Earth science"
The East Australian Current (EAC) flows north-to-south along the east coast of Australia. Resulting from the flow of the South Equatorial Current's collision with the continent of Australia, the EAC can reach speeds of up to 7 knots in some of the shallower waters along the Australian continental shelf, but is generally measured at 2 or 3 knots. The EAC results in a current vortex in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand. It has been noted that the EAC also acts to transport tropical marine fauna to habitats in sub-tropical regions along the south east Australian coast. ...more on Wikipedia about "East Australian Current" Whatever You're Into, Get Into http://www.shortopedia.com.
The East Greenland Current originates in the Arctic Ocean and brings cold, low salinity, Southbound water along the East Coast of Greenland. It is one of the five main currents that make up the subpolar gyre, which provides a major outflow of cold Arctic waters into the Atlantic Ocean. ...more on Wikipedia about "East Greenland Current"
Completed in 2000, Explorer of the Seas is one of five Voyager-class cruise ships from Royal Caribbean International. It can handle up to 3114 guests , including scientists making use of a built-in atmospheric and oceanographic laboratory operated by the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, which is part of the University of Miami. Voyager-class ships are the second largest passenger ships in the world; currently, only Cunard's Queen Mary 2 is larger. Constructed at Aker Finnyards in Turku, Finland, the ship weighs 138,000 tons. There is plenty of space with a length of 1020' and a beam of 157.5'. ...more on Wikipedia about "Explorer of the Seas"
Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is a Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission's program whose purpose is to measure the sea level globally for long term climate change studies. The programs purpose have changed since 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the program now collect real time measurement of sea level. The project is currently upgrading its over 290 stations it currenly runs, so that they can send real-time data via satellite to newly set up national tsunami centres. They are also fitting the stations with solar panels so they can continue to operate even if the mains power supply is interrupted by severe weather. It should be noted though that Global Sea Level Observing System does not compete with Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis as most GLOSS transducers are located close to the land mass while DART's transducers are far out in the ocean. ...more on Wikipedia about "Global Sea Level Observing System"
A Halocline is a salinity gradient, a change in the concentration of salt dissolved in water. In the ocean there is a tendency for less dense fresher water to float on top of denser saltier water. This difference in salinity with depth has great impact on the mixing of various parts of the ocean. ...more on Wikipedia about "Halocline"
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