Optics Optics In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion (variation of refractive index with wavelength). It is named for Ernst Abbe ( 1840- 1905), the German physicist who defined it. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abbe number"
The Abbe sine condition relates to a formula that can calculate the exact size, shape and position of any lens for a microscope. It was the masterwork of Ernst Abbe. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abbe sine condition"
Aberration in optical systems ( lenses, prisms, mirrors or series of them intended to produce a sharp image) generally leads to blurring of the image. It occurs when light from one point of an object after transmission through the system arrives in different points. Instrument-makers need to correct optical systems to compensate for aberration. The articles reflection, refraction and caustic discuss the general features of reflected and refracted rays. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aberration in optical systems"
Absorption, in optics, is the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make a transition between two electronic energy levels. The photon is destroyed in the process. The absorbed energy can be lost by heat and radiation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Absorption (optics)"
Absorption spectroscopy is an analytical tool used by chemists and physicists. The absorption spectrum is characteristic for a particular element or compound, and does not change with varying concentration. It is based on the absorption of quanta of light by a chemical substance, due to the promotion of electrons from one atomic orbital or molecular orbital to another in that substance. The wavelength of the incident photon will determine the energy level of excitation according to Planck's law. Typically, X-rays are used to reveal chemical composition, and near ultraviolet to near infrared wavelengths are used to distinguish the configurations of various Isomers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Absorption spectroscopy"
Adaptive optics is a technology to improve the performance of (usually) astronomical telescopes by reducing the effects of atmospheric distortion, or astronomical seeing. Adaptive optics works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the technique was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical. Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip-tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equivalent to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes. A significant fraction of the aberration introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the aberration introduced by the atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality over what would be possible according to the atmospheric seeing. Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors having only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adaptive optics"
The resulting diffraction pattern of a uniformly illuminated circular aperture has a bright region in the centre, known as the Airy disc or Airy pattern, which is surrounded by concentric rings. The diameter of this disc is related to the wavelength of the illuminating light and the size ( f-number) of the circular aperture. The angle from the center at which the first minimum occurs is ...more on Wikipedia about "Airy disc"
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Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is light, produced by spontaneous emission, that has been optically amplified by the process of stimulated emission in an gain medium. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amplified spontaneous emission"
Anamorphic projection is a modification of the aspect ratio of an image by optical distortion which stretches or compresses the image in one dimension but not the other. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anamorphic projection"
(Angle of incidence)
Angle of refraction refers to the angle a wave makes to the line of normal incidence when a wave passes from one medium to another. The line of normal incidence is a line perpendicular to the medium the light is passing into. Or in common terms, the wave is heading directly towards the material. While angle of refraction normally refers to light, it can be applied to any wave that propagates through a medium like a sound wave. There is a simple formula for determining the refraction angle, this formula is referred to as Snell's Law. Snell's law states: N1*Sin(X2)=N2*Sin(X1)where N1 and N2 are the refractive indices of the original medium and the medium the wave is passing into respectively while X1 and X2 are the angles the wave makes with respect to the line of normal incidence in the first and second medium respectively. So normally the angle of refraction would be referred to as X2 in the above equation and can be easily solved if the other three components are known. ...more on Wikipedia about "Angle of refraction"
The angular aperture of a lens is the apparent angle of the lens aperture as seen from the focal point: ...more on Wikipedia about "Angular aperture"
Angular resolution describes the resolving power of a telescope. ...more on Wikipedia about "Angular resolution"
The opposite is linear vibration, also known as parallel vibration, where the aberration close to the image-forming system is on the scale of the vibration but declines inversely with distance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Angular vibration"
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Anti-reflective or antireflection (AR) coatings are a type of optical coating applied to lenses and other devices to reduce reflection from optical surfaces. This often improves the efficiency of the system; this is especially important if the light wasted by reflections is difficult to obtain, i.e. from a large telescope, an obstacle on a dark roadway, or an intricate optics experiment. They also have qualitative benefits like making the eyes of a glasses-wearer more visible and reducing the glint from a sniper's scope. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anti-reflective coating"
In optics, an aperture is something which restricts the diameter of the light path through one plane in an optical system. This may be the edge of a lens or mirror, or a ring or other fixture that holds an optical element in place, or it may be a special element placed in the optical path deliberately to limit the light admitted by the system. The aperture stop or simply the stop is the limiting aperture of the system—the aperture which restricts the diameter of the cone or cylinder of light that can enter and pass through the system. The diameter of the aperture stop is sometimes simply referred to as the aperture of the system, especially when speaking of cameras and telescopes. Note that the aperture stop is not necessarily the smallest aperture in the system. Magnification and demagnification by lenses and other elements can cause a relatively large aperture to be the stop for the system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aperture"
Backscatter is the reflection of light, radar, radio, or other electromagnetic waves directly back to the direction they came from. This phenomenon is the cause of alpenglow and gegenschein, and is also the principle behind all radar systems. ...more on Wikipedia about "Backscatter"
A bandwidth-limited pulse (also known as Fourier-transform-limited pulse, or more commonly, transform-limited pulse) is a pulse of a wave that has the minimum possible duration for a given spectral bandwidth. Optical pulses of this type can be generated by modelocked lasers. Bandwidth-limited pulses have a constant phase across all frequencies making up the pulse. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bandwidth limited pulse"
Barrel distortion is a divergence from the rectilinear projection in geometric optics where image magnification decreases with increasing distance from the optical axis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Barrel distortion"
Base curve radius, or BCR, is a parameter of a contact lens. Typical values are from 7.9 to 9.3 mm. The base curve is the radius of the sphere that the back of the contact lens describes. Contact lenses must fit well to the wearer's cornea in order to be comfortable and to facilitate tear exchange and oxygen transmission. ...more on Wikipedia about "Base curve radius"
The beam divergence of an electromagnetic beam is the increase in beam diameter with distance from the aperture from which the beam emerges in any plane that intersects the beam axis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beam divergence"
In optics, the Beer-Lambert law, also known as Beer's law or the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law is an empirical relationship that relates the absorption of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beer-Lambert law"
Optical calculation method where the eigenmodes of the structure are calculated in the propagation direction and back. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bi-directioinal Eigenmode Propagation"
Brewster's angle (also known as the polarization angle) is an optical phenomenon named after the Scottish Physicist, Sir David Brewster ( 1781– 1868). ...more on Wikipedia about "Brewster's angle"
Brillouin scattering occurs when light in a medium (such as water or a crystal) interacts with density variations and changes its path. The density variations may be due to acoustic modes, such as phonons, or temperature gradients. As described in classical physics, when the medium is compressed its index of refraction changes and the light's path necessarily bends. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brillouin scattering" http://www.shortopedia.com Is Good For You. shortopedia
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