Organic reactions Organic reactions A 1,2-rearrangement or 1,2-shift or Whitmore 1,2-shift is a organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift the movement involves two adjacent atoms but moves over larger distances are possible. In the example below the substituent R moves from carbon atom C1 to C2. ...more on Wikipedia about "1,2-rearrangement"
A 1,2-Wittig rearrangement is a organic reaction and a 1,2-rearrangement of an ether with an alkyllithium compound. ...more on Wikipedia about "1,2-Wittig rearrangement"
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, also known as the Huisgen cycloaddition or Huisgen reaction, is an organic chemical reaction belonging to the larger class of cycloadditions. It is the reaction between a 1,3-dipole and a dipolarophile, most of which are substituted alkenes, to form a five-membered ring. Rolf Huisgen first saw the prospects of varying the 1,3-dipole and its high value for synthesis of 5-membered heterocycles. ...more on Wikipedia about "1,3-dipolar cycloaddition"
2,3-Sigmatropic rearrangements are a type of sigmatropic rearrangements and can be classified into two types. Rearrangements of allylic sulfoxides, amine oxides, selenoxides are neutral. Rearrangements of carbanions of allyl ethers are anionic. The general scheme for this kind of rearrangement is: ...more on Wikipedia about "2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement"
Acetalisation is an organic reaction that involves is the formation of an acetal or ketal. One way of acetal formation is the nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to a ketone or an aldehyde. Acetalisation is often used in organic synthesis to create a protecting group because it is a reversible reaction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acetalisation"
Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction, usually with acetic acid, that introduces an acetyl functional group into an organic compound. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acetylation"
In chemistry, acylation is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acylation"
Acyloin condensation is a reductive coupling of two carboxylic esters using metallic sodium to yield an α-hydroxyketone, also known as an acyloin. The reaction is most successful when R is aliphatic and inert. To achieve the condensation, chemists may employ solvents with a high boiling point, such as benzene and toluene. ==References== *Bouveault, L., and R. Loquin. Comptes. Rendus. 1905, 140, 1593. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acyloin condensation"
The addition of HX to an alkene, hydrohalogenation, is an organic reaction in chemistry wherein hydrogen halide, HX, (that is, a halogen sigma bonded to a hydrogen atom) adds to the carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene following Markovnikov's rule (Markovnikov's rule is observed). ...more on Wikipedia about "Addition of HX to an alkene"
An addition reaction, in chemistry, is in its simplest terms a organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one. ...more on Wikipedia about "Addition reaction"
The Adkins-Peterson reaction is the air oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde with metal oxide catalysts such as iron oxide, Molybdenum trioxide or combinations thereof. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adkins-Peterson reaction"
An Aldol condensation is a organic reaction where a enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone followed by dehydration to a conjugated enone. The first part of this reaction is a aldol reaction, the second part a elimination reaction. Dehydration may be accompanied by decarboxylation when a activated carboxyl group is present. The base used in this reaction is a strong base like t-butoxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aldol condensation"
The aldol reaction is an important carbon-carbon bond forming reaction in organic chemistry involving the addition of an enol or enolate anion to an aldehyde or ketone. In the aldol addition, the reaction results in a β-hydroxy ketone (or aldehyde), also called an "aldol" (aldehyde + alcohol). In the aldol condensation, the initial aldol adduct undergoes dehydration (loss of water) to form an α,β-unsaturated ketone (or aldehyde). ...more on Wikipedia about "Aldol reaction"
The Aldol-Tishchenko reaction is a tandem reaction involving an Aldol reaction and a Tishchenko reaction. In organic synthesis it is a method to convert aldehydes and ketones into 1,3- hydroxyl compounds. The reaction sequence in many examples starts from conversion of a ketone into an enolate by action of Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA). The mono-ester diol is then converted into the diol by a hydrolysis step. With both the acetyl trimethylsilane [1] and propiophenone [2] as reactants, the diol is obtained as a pure diastereoisomer. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aldol-Tishchenko reaction"
The Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction is a chemical reaction whereby a chalcone undergoes an oxidative cyclization to form a flavonol. ==Mechanism== ==References== * Algar, J.; Flynn, J. P.; Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 1934, 42B, 1. ...more on Wikipedia about "Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction"
In alkane metathesis acyclic alkanes are scrambled to higher and lower homologues with tantalum hydride supported on silica (SiO2)TaH at temperatures of 25 °C to 200 °C. In this reaction ethane is converted into methane, propane and traces of butane. Cross metathesis can also take place. In this reaction methane and propane molecules react to 2 molecules of ethane and ethane reacts with toluene to ethylbenzene and xylene. The reaction involves metallacyclobutane intermediates just as in olefin metathesis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alkane metathesis"
Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alkylation"
Alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution in organic chemistry is the organic reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines to imines . The reaction name is based on the IUPAC Nomenclature for Transformations. The reaction is acid catalyzed and the reaction type is nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl compound followed by transfer of a proton from nitrogen to oxygen to a stable carbinolamine. With primary amines water is lost in an elimination reaction to an imine. With aryl amines especially stable Schiff bases are formed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution"
Alkyne metathesis is an organic reaction involving the redistribution of alkyne chemical bonds. This reaction is closely related to olefin metathesis. Alkyne metathesis was first observed in 1974 by A. Mortreux as an alkyne scrambling phenomenon in which an asymmetric alkyne forms an equilibrium with its two symmetrical counterparts. The Mortreux system consists of the molybdenum catalyst molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)6 and resorcinol cocatalyst. In 1975 T.J. Katz proposed a metal carbyne and a metallacyclobutadiene as an intermediate and in 1981 R.R. Schrock confirmed this reaction mechanism experimentally. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alkyne metathesis"
A alkyne trimerisation reaction is a [2+2+2] cyclization reaction where three alkyne molecules react to form a benzene compound. The reaction is 'pseudo' pericyclic since it has not been observed to occur without the assistance of metal catalysis; and the metal catalyst assembles the ring stepwise via intermediates which are not directly in between (in a geometric sense) the starting material and products. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alkyne trimerisation"
Allylic oxidation is an organic oxidation converting an allylic methylene group into an allylic alcohol or an ketone. This chemical transformation is an important organic reaction. Selenium dioxide is one representative of a group of oxidizing agents that can bring about this reaction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Allylic oxidation"
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A allylic rearrangement or allylic shift is a organic reaction in which the double bond in an allyl chemical compound shifts to the next carbon atom. It is encountered in nucleophilic substitution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Allylic rearrangement"
The Appel reaction is a chemical reaction that converts an alcohol into an alkyl chloride using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride. The Appel reaction is a mild method of halide introduction, and is successful on primary, secondary, and most tertiary alcohols. The use of carbon tetrabromide or bromine as a halide source will yield alkyl bromides, while using methyl iodide or iodine will give alkyl iodides. ==Reaction mechanism== The initial step of the Appel reaction is the formation of the phosphonium salt pair 2. Deprotonation of the alcohol, forming chloroform 3, yields an alkoxide ion pair 4. The displacement of the chloride by the alkoxide yields intermediate 5. With primary and secondary alcohols, the chloride anion reacts in a SN2 process forming the desired alkyl chloride 6 and triphenylphosphine oxide 7. Tertiary alcohols form the products 6 and 7 via a SN1 mechanism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Appel reaction"
The Arndt-Eistert synthesis is a group of chemical reactions designed to convert a carboxylic acid to a higher carboxylic acid homologue (ie. contains one additional carbon atom). The Arndt-Eistert synthesis is a popular method of producing beta-amino-acids from alpha-amino-acids. Acid chlorides react with diazomethane to give diazoketones. In the presence of a nucleophile ( water) and a metal catalyst ( Ag2O), diazoketones will form the desired acid homologue.1-4 While the classic Arndt-Eistert synthesis uses thionyl chloride to convert the starting acid to an acid chloride, any procedure can be used that will generate an acid chloride. Diazoketones are typically generates as describes here, but other methods such as diazo-group transfer can also apply.5 Since diazomethane is toxic and violently explosive, many safer alternatives have been developed6, such as the usage of ynolate anions7 or trimethylsilyldiazomethane8-10. # Arndt, F.; Eistert, B. Ber. 1935, 68, 200. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arndt-Eistert synthesis"
Aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aromatic sulfonation" The view on www.shortopedia.com. Organic_reactions
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