Organic reactions Organic reactions The Bouveault aldehyde synthesis is a one-pot chemical reaction that converts a primary alkyl halide to an aldehyde one carbon longer. ==Reaction mechanism== The first step of the Bouveault aldehyde synthesis is the formation of the Grignard reagent. Upon addition of a N,N-disubstituted formamide (such as DMF) a hemiaminal is formed, which can easily be hydrolyzed into the desired aldehyde. ==References== * Smith, L. I.; Nichols, J. J. Org. Chem. 1941, 6, 489. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bouveault aldehyde synthesis"
The Bouveault-Blanc reduction is a chemical reaction in which an ester is reduced to primary alcohols using absolute ethanol and sodium metal. This reaction is an inexpensive and large-scale alternative to lithium aluminum hydride reduction of esters. ==Reaction mechanism== Sodium metal is a single-electron reducing agent, meaning the sodium metal will transfer electons one at a time. Four sodium atoms are required to fully reduce each ester to alcohols. Ethanol serves as a proton source. ==References== # Bouveault, L.; Blanc, G. Compt. Rend. 1903, 136, 1676. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bouveault-Blanc reduction"
The Brook rearrangement in organic chemistry is a rearrangement reaction in which a organosilyl group switches position with a hydroxyl proton over a carbon to oxygen covalent bond under the influence of a base . The reaction product is a silyl ether. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brook rearrangement"
The Bucherer carbazole synthesis is a chemical reaction used to synthesize carbazoles from naphthols and aryl hydrazines using sodium bisulfite. ==References== *Bucherer, H. T.; Seyde, F. J. Prakt. Chem. 1908, 77(2), 403. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bucherer carbazole synthesis"
The Camps quinoline synthesis is a chemical reaction whereby an o-acylaminoacetophenone is transformed into two different hydroxyquinolines (products A and B) using hydroxide ion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Camps quinoline synthesis"
The Cannizzaro reaction named after Stanislao Cannizzaro is a chemical reaction that involves disproportionation of any aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position, in the presence of a strong base. The oxidation product is a carboxylic acid and the reduction product is an alcohol. In the presence of a alpha hydrogen atom, the aldol condensation is the preferred reaction ...more on Wikipedia about "Cannizzaro reaction"
The formation of an amide using a carbodiimide is straightforward, but with several side reactions complicating the subject. The acid 1 will react with the carbodiimide to produce the key intermediate: the O-acylisourea 2, which can be viewed as a carboxylic ester with an activated leaving group. The O-acylisourea will react with amines to give the desired amide 3 and urea 4. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbodiimide"
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The Carroll rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a β- keto allyl ester into a α- allyl- β- keto carboxylic acid . This organic reaction is accompanied by decarboxylation and the final product is a γ, δ- allyl ketone. The Carrol rearrangement is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carroll rearrangement"
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes produce the corresponding alkanes. The reaction is carried out under pressure in the presence of a metallic catalyst. Common industrial catalysts are based on platinum, nickel or palladium, for laboratory syntheses, Raney nickel is often employed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Catalytic addition of hydrogen"
The CBS reduction, also called Corey-Bakshi-Shibata reduction, is an organic reaction which transfers ketones enantioselective into alcohols. This is done by using the so called CBS catalyst, a bicyclic boron containing Proline derivative, along with borane. ...more on Wikipedia about "CBS reduction"
The Chan rearrangement in organic chemistry is a rearrangement reaction converting an acyloxy acetate in the presence of a strong base to a 2-hydroxy-3-keto-ester . ...more on Wikipedia about "Chan rearrangement"
A Claisen condensation is a C-C chemical bond formation reaction between two ester molecules in the presence of a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or sodium ethoxide (EtO-). ...more on Wikipedia about "Claisen condensation"
The Claisen rearrangement is a powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming chemical reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen. The heating of a allyl vinyl ether will initiate a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give a γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl. Discovered in 1912, the Claisen rearrangement is the first recorded example of a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. * Claisen, L.; Ber. 1912, 45, 3157. ...more on Wikipedia about "Claisen rearrangement"
The Clemmensen reduction is a chemical reaction described as a reduction of ketones (or aldehydes) to alkanes using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid. Several reviews have been published. The Clemmensen reduction is particular effective reducing aryl- alkyl ketones. With aliphatic or acyclic ketones, zinc metal reduction is much more effective. The substrate must be stable to the strongly acidic conditions of the Clemmensen reduction. Acid sensitive substrates should use the Wolff-Kishner reduction, which utilizes strongly basic conditions. == References == # Clemmensen, E. Ber. 1913, 46, 1837. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clemmensen reduction"
In chemistry, a concerted reaction is a chemical reaction in which all bond breaking and bond making occurs in a single step. Reactive intermediates or other unstable high energy intermediates are not involved. Concerted reaction rates tend not to depend on solvent polarity ruling out large buildup of charge in the transition state. Pericyclic reactions are concerted reactions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Concerted reaction"
A condensation reaction (also known as a dehydration reaction or dehydration synthesis when water is lost) is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties react and become covalently bonded to one another by the concurrent loss of a small molecule, often water, methanol, or a type of hydrogen halide such as HCl. It may be considered as the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction (the cleavage of a chemical entity into two parts by the action of water). ...more on Wikipedia about "Condensation reaction"
The Cope reaction or Cope elimination is an elimination reaction of an amine oxide to form an alkene and a hydroxyl amine. This organic reaction is an alternative to the Hofmann elimination with the base part of the leaving group and with a 5-membered cyclic transition state leading to syn elimination. The Cope reaction should not to be confused with the Cope rearrangement. The amine oxide is prepared by oxidation of the corresponding amine with an oxidant such as mCPBA. The actual elimination just requires heat. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cope reaction"
The Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. For example 3-methyl-1,5-hexadiene heated to 300°C yields 1,5-heptadiene. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cope rearrangement"
The Corey-Fuchs reaction is a series of chemical reactions designed to transform an aldehyde into an alkyne. The reaction is named after its discoverers, E. J. Corey and P. L. Fuchs. By suitable choice of base, it is often possible to stop the reaction at the 1-bromoalkyne, a useful functional group for further transformation. ==References== # Corey, E. J.; Fuchs, P. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1972, 36, 3769-3772. ...more on Wikipedia about "Corey-Fuchs reaction"
The Corey-Posner-Whitesides-House reaction was developed by the co-operation of four organic chemists: E.J. Corey of Harvard University, G.H. Posner of the Johns Hopkins University, G.M. Whitesides of MIT and H.O. House of the Georgia Institute of Technology. E.J. Corey received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1990 for his contributions to the science of synthesizing new organic compounds. ...more on Wikipedia about "Corey-House-Posner-Whitesides reaction"
A coupling reaction or oxidative coupling in organic chemistry is a catch-all for a range of reactions in Organometallic chemistry where two hydrocarbon radicals are coupled with the aid of a metal containing catalyst. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coupling reaction" Tell your opinion about shortopedia Organic_reactions
In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e.g. kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are converted to simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of any catalysts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cracking (chemistry)"
The Criegee rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction named after Rudolf Criegee. In this organic reaction a tertiary alcohol is cleaved in an organic oxidation by a per-acid to a ketone. The acid used is often p-nitroperbenzoic acid because the p-nitrobenzoic acid anion is a good leaving group. ...more on Wikipedia about "Criegee rearrangement"
The Curtius rearrangement, as first defined by Theodor Curtius, is a chemical reaction that involves the rearrangement of an acyl azide to a isocyanate. The isocyanate can be trapped by a variety of nucleophiles. Often water is added to hydrolyze the isocyanate to an amine. When done in the presence of tert-butanol, the reaction generates BOC- protected amines, useful intermediates in organic synthesis. Carboxylic acids 1 can be easily converted to acyl azides 3 using diphenylphosphoryl azide 2. ...more on Wikipedia about "Curtius rearrangement"
A Cyanohydrin reaction is an organic reaction by an aldehyde or ketone with a cyanide anion or a nitrile to form a cyanohydrin. This nucleophilic addition is a reversible reaction but with aliphatic carbonyl compounds equilibrium is in favor of the reaction products. The cyanide source can be potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide or trimethylsilylcyanide. With aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde the benzoin condensation is a competing reaction. The reaction is used in carbohydrate chemistry as a chain extention method for example that of D- xylose. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cyanohydrin reaction"
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