Particle physics Particle physics The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is a particle physics experiment to be mounted on the International Space Station designed to search for a various types of unusual matter. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer"
Annihilation is defined as "total destruction" or "complete obliteration" of a particular object. Usually, annihilation of an atomic or subatomic particle, occurs when such a particle collides with its respective antiparticle. If a particle and its respective antiparticle are both tuned to the appropriate quantum states, then they annihilate each other and their "destruction" yields other particles. ...more on Wikipedia about "Annihilation"
Antimatter or contra-terrene matter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute normal matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come in contact with each other, the two annihilate and produce a burst of energy, which results in the production of other particles and antiparticles or electromagnetic radiation. In these reactions, rest mass is not conserved, although (as in any other reaction) energy ( E=mc²) is conserved. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antimatter"
The Antiproton Decelerator (AD) is a particle accelerator at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. The machine is about 182 meters in circumference and ellipsoidal in layout. In contains a system for stochastic cooling as well as a system for electron cooling. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antiproton Decelerator"
In physics, the attenuation length is the distance into a material when the probability has dropped to that a particle has not been absorbed. Alternatively, if there is a beam of particles incident on the material, the attentuation length is the distance where the intensity of the beam has dropped to , or about 63% of the particles have been stopped. ...more on Wikipedia about "Attenuation length"
Attophysics is a branch of particle physics wherein attosecond pulses of excited particles (such as electrons or the photons that make up light) are used to probe dynamic processes in matter with a fine-grained time resolution. This works in an analogous fashion to using strobe lights and high-speed film to examine gross matter activities, such as the famous photograph of a bullet penetrating an apple, or even Eadweard Muybridge's 19th Century photo series which proved that horses hooves do leave the ground at a running pace. ...more on Wikipedia about "Attophysics"
(B-L) In high energy physics, B−L (pronounced bee minus ell) is the baryon number minus the lepton number. This is the charge of a global/ gauge U(1) symmetry in some some GUT models, called U(1)B−L. Unlike baryon number alone or lepton number alone, this hypothetical symmetry is not broken by chiral anomalies or gravitational anomalies, which is why this symmetry is often invoked. ...more on Wikipedia about "B-L"
In particle physics, the baryon number is an approximate conserved quantum number. The baryon number of a system is defined as the number of quarks divided by three minus the number of antiquarks in the system divided by three. ...more on Wikipedia about "Baryon number"
In physics, the term bootstrap model is used for the class of theories that assume that very general consistency criteria are sufficient to determine the whole theory completely. In such theories, typically examples of quantum field theory, it is impossible to divide the objects and concepts to elementary and composite ones. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bootstrap model"
A tardyon or bradyon is a particle that travels slower than light. This includes all known particles (except luxons). The term "tardyon" is constructed to contrast with " tachyon", which refers to hypothetical particles that travel faster than light. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bradyon"
The Bragg Peak describes the characteristic pattern of energy deposition occurring when a charged particle moves through matter. The particle deposits energy along its path, some of which will cause ionisation of the transport medium. This ionisation is analogous to radiation dose. The rate of energy deposition is inversely proportional to the square of the speed of the particle. Further into the transport medium, interactions with its atoms cause the particle to slow, and so energy deposition increases exponentially. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bragg Peak"
This is a technical term in particle physics and nuclear physics. A branching ratio for a decay is the ratio between the decay rates of decay modes for a decay. These decay constants are called partial decay constants, and their sum is the decay constant for the reaction. Sometimes a partial half life is given, but this term is misleading; due to competing modes it is not true that half of the particles will decay through a particular decay mode after its partial half life. The partial half life is merely an alternate way to specify the partial decay constant λ, the two being related through: ...more on Wikipedia about "Branching ratio"
it is convenient to transform the multiplicity distribution to the bunching parameters: ...more on Wikipedia about "Bunching parameter"
Charge carrier denotes in physics a free (mobile, unbound) particle carrying an electric charge. Examples are electrons and ions. In semiconductor physics, the travelling vacancies in the valance-band electron population ( holes) are treated as charge carriers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Charge carrier"
Charge invariance refers to the fixed electrostatic potential of a particle, regardless of speed. For example, an electron has a specific rest charge. Accelerate that electron, and the charge remains the same (as opposed to the relativistic mass and energy increasing). The key word here is relativistic. Some particle characteristics are relativistic invariant ( charge, spin, and magnetic moment). Others are relativistic ( mass, energy, and de Broglie wavelength). The key factor is ...more on Wikipedia about "Charge invariance"
Renate Chasman and G. Kenneth Green designed what is commonly known as Chasman-Green lattice. It is an arrangement of magnets to focus and correct the beam in particle accelerators. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chasman-Green lattice"
Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Cerenkov or sometimes Čerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a speed greater than that of light in the medium. The characteristic "blue glow" of nuclear reactors is due to Cherenkov radiation. It is named after Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, the 1958 Nobel Prize winner who was the first to rigorously characterize it. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cherenkov radiation"
Chiral perturbation theory is an effective field theory constructed on a lagrangian consistent with the (approximate) chiral symmetry of quantum chromodynamics. The theory allows the description of interactions between pions, and between pions and nucleons (or other matter fields). ...more on Wikipedia about "Chiral perturbation theory"
A phenomenon is said to be chiral if it is not identical to its mirror image (see Chirality (mathematics)). The spin of a particle may be used to define a handedness for that particle. A symmetry transformation between the two is called parity. The action of parity acting on a Dirac fermion is called chiral symmetry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chirality (physics)"
In the standard model of particle physics the Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix (CKM matrix, sometimes earlier called KM matrix) is a unitary matrix which contains information on the strength of flavour changing weak decays. Technically, it specifies the mismatch of quantum states of quarks when they propagate freely and when they take part in the weak interactions. It is important in the understanding of CP violations. A precise mathematical definition of this matrix is given in the article on the formulation of the standard model. This matrix was introduced for three generations of quarks by Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa, adding one generation to the matrix previously introduced by Nicola Cabibbo. ...more on Wikipedia about "CKM matrix"
The Cockcroft-Walton (CW) generator, or multiplier, was named after the two men who in 1932 used this circuit design to power their particle accelerator, performing the first artificial nuclear disintegration in history. John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton used this voltage multiplier cascade for most of their research, which in 1951 won them the Nobel Prize in Physics for "Transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles". Less known is the fact that the circuit was first discovered much earlier, in 1919, by Heinrich Greinacher, a Swiss physicist. For this reason, this doubler cascade is sometimes also referred to as the Greinacher multiplier. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cockcroft-Walton generator" http://www.shortopedia.com - now!
In scattering, a differential cross section is defined by the probability to observe a scattered particle in a given quantum state per solid angle unit (i.e. within a given cone of observation) if the target is irradiated by a flux of one particle per surface unit: ...more on Wikipedia about "Cross section (physics)"
The DAMA/NaI experiment [1] was designed to detect dark matter using the direct detection technique. It was located at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy and collected data during the period 1996- 2002. Its successor is the DAMA/LIBRA experiment, which uses very similar detector technology but has a larger target mass of 250 kg. ...more on Wikipedia about "DAMA/NaI"
In theoretical physics, dimensional deconstruction is a method to construct d-dimensional theories that behave as higher-dimensional theories in a certain range of energies. The resulting theory is a gauge theory whose gauge group is a direct product of many copies of the same group; each copy may be interpreted as the gauge group located at a particular point along a new, discrete, "deconstructed" (d+1)st dimension. The spectrum of matter fields is a set of bifundamental representations expressed by a quiver diagram that is analogous to lattices in lattice gauge theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dimensional deconstruction"
In particle physics, the doublet-triplet (splitting) problem is a problem of some Grand Unified Theories, such as SU(5), SO(10), . Grand unified theories predict Higgs bosons (doublets of ) arise from representations of the unified group that contain other states, in particular, states that are triplets of color. The primary problem with these color triplet Higgs, is that they can mediate proton decay in supersymmetric theories that are only suppressed by two powers of GUT scale (ie they are dimension 5 supersymmetric operators). In addition to mediating proton decay, they alter gauge coupling unification. The doublet-triplet problem is the question 'what keeps the doublets light while the triplets are heavy?' ...more on Wikipedia about "Doublet-triplet splitting problem" I wish I had a www.shortopedia.com.
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