Parts of speech

An adjective is a part of speech which modifies a noun, usually describing it or making its meaning more specific. However, adjectives are not a universally recognized word class; in other words, some languages do not have any adjectives. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adjective"

An adverb as a part of speech. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adverb"

An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ...more on Wikipedia about "Article (grammar)"

In linguistics, an auxiliary or helping verb is a verb whose function it is to give further semantic information about the main or full verb which follows it. In English, the extra meaning an auxiliary verb imparts alters the basic form of the main verb to have one or more of the following functions: passive, progressive, perfective, modal, or dummy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Auxiliary verb"

A classifier, in linguistics, is a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts to indicate the word class of a noun. Such noun classes are usually defined in part by semantic features (such as shape, animacy, etc.). ...more on Wikipedia about "Classifier (linguistics)"

In linguistics, a clitic is a word that syntactically functions as a free morpheme, but phonetically appears as a bound morpheme; it is always pronounced with a following or preceding word. A clitic is either an enclitic, where the clitic is with the preceding word, or a proclitic, which is with the following word. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clitic"

(Conjunct) You may pick three items. However, should you prefer just two, you still have a 25% discount. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conjunct"

The term constituent is used in syntactic analysis to refer to a single word or a group of words that function together as a unit and are embedded into a hierarchical structure. Phrases (noun phrases, verbal phrases etc.) are usually constituents of a clause, but clauses may also be embedded into a bigger structure: ...more on Wikipedia about "Constituent (linguistics)"

The word copula originates from the Latin noun for a "link or tie" that connects two different things. In linguistics, a copula is a word that is used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement or an adverbial). Though it might not itself express any action or condition, it serves to equate (or associate) the subject with the predicate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Copula"

A coverb is a part of speech that includes words that are lexically verbs, but are generally used to convey the meaning of prepositions. Coverbs are featured most prominantly in the Chinese languages. The term preverb is also sometimes used to refer to coverbs; however that term has its own separate meaning as well. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coverb"

Demonstratives are deictic words that indicate which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. Demonstratives are usually employed for spatial deixis (using the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages they double as discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and propositions mentioned in speech. Examples of demonstratives are English this and that. ...more on Wikipedia about "Demonstrative"

Determiners are words which modify nouns. These include articles, quantifiers, demonstratives, and possessive adjectives. (Note that many languages lack one or more of these types of determiners.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Determiner"

In linguistics, a discourse particle is a lexeme or particle which has no semantic meaning in the context of a sentence, having rather a pragmatic function: it serves to indicate the speaker's attitude, or to structure their relationship to other participants in a conversation. Discourse particles are primarily a feature of spoken language; in written language they indicate an informal or jocular tone. ...more on Wikipedia about "Discourse particle"

In linguistics, a disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker's or writer's attittude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence. For instance: ...more on Wikipedia about "Disjunct (linguistics)"

An evidential is a cover term for a grammatical element in some languages that provides information about grammatical evidentiality. Grammatical evidentiality is the grammatical indication of the nature of evidence that a statement is based on. ...more on Wikipedia about "Evidential"

The word expletive is currently used in three senses: syntactic expletives, expletive attributives, and "bad language". ...more on Wikipedia about "Expletive"

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages it occurs in. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences. ...more on Wikipedia about "Finite verb"

Function words or grammatical words are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words which are not function words are called content words or lexical words: these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, though some adverbs are function words (e.g. then, why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but have little interest in lexical words. ...more on Wikipedia about "Function word"

German modal particles (Modalpartikel) are modal particles in German. ...more on Wikipedia about "German modal particle"

In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses together. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" should be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins. ...more on Wikipedia about "Grammatical conjunction"

The word modifier applies to either the adjective or the adverb in a sentence. An adjective is not actually required but helps modify and limit the extent of the meaning of a noun or pronoun, while an adverb helps modify a verb in a similar way. Thus modifiers, though not actually necessary, help define the meaning and are attributes of nouns, pronouns or verbs. A modifier is also called a qualifier. ...more on Wikipedia about "Grammatical modifier" My shortopedia is mine.

In linguistics, the term particle is often employed as a useful catch-all lacking a strict definition. In general, it is understood that particles are function words that tend to be uninflected — that is, words which do not have suffixes, for example, that reflect grammatical gender, tense or person. However, the term may have a broader definition. ...more on Wikipedia about "Grammatical particle"

In grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. It is called the "infinitive" because the verb is usually not made " finite", or limited by inflection. In some languages, however, there are inflected forms of the infinitive denoting attributes such as tense, person and number. It happens for example in Portuguese. There are languages that do not have infinitives at all, for example Arabic, Bulgarian and Modern Greek. In some languages the infinitive can be construed as a verbal noun. ...more on Wikipedia about "Infinitive"

An interjection, sometimes called a filled pause, is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Interjection"

An interrogative word (also known simply as an interrogative) is a function word used for the item questioned in a question. It is also called a wh-word in the field of linguistics because most of the interrogative words in English start with wh-. ...more on Wikipedia about "Interrogative word"

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