Pharmacology Pharmacology The Tylenol murders occurred in the autumn of 1982, when seven people in the Chicago, Illinois area in the United States died after ingesting Extra Strength Tylenol medicine capsules which had been laced with cyanide poison. This incident was the first known case of death caused by deliberate product tampering. The perpetrator has never been caught, but the incident led to reforms in the packaging of over-the-counter substance and federal anti-tampering laws. ...more on Wikipedia about "1982 Chicago Tylenol murders"
An active ingredient, also active pharmaceutical ingredient (or API), is the substance in drug that is pharmaceutically active. ...more on Wikipedia about "Active ingredient"
In medicine, adjuvants are agents which modify the effect of other agents while having few if any direct effects when given by themselves. In this sense, they are very roughly analogous with chemical catalysts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adjuvant"
An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ADR is a particular type of adverse effect. The term is preferred over the colloquial and imprecise "side-effect" as "side-effect" implies the potential for beneficial consequences. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adverse drug reaction"
Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended consequences, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/ chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. Iatrogenesis (literally, generated by a physician) is a common cause of adverse effects, as well as medical error. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause medical complications of a disease or procedure and affect negatively its prognosis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adverse effect (medicine)"
An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell. An agonist is the opposite of an antagonist in the sense that while an antagonist also binds to the receptor, it fails to activate the receptor and actually blocks it from activation by agonists. A partial agonist activates a receptor but does not cause as much of a physiological change as does a full agonist. The receptors of the human body work by being stimulated or inhibited by natural (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) or synthetic (such as drugs) agonists and antagonists. To see how an agonist may activate a receptor see this link . Recently a novel theory called Functional Selectivity has been proposed that broadens the conventional definition of pharmacology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agonist"
Alhandal was a term used in Arabian pharmacy for the purgative extract of colocynth, or Bitter Cucumber ( Citrullus Colocynthis). ...more on Wikipedia about "Alhandal"
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In chemistry, antagonism is a phenomenon where two or more agents in combination have an overall effect which is less than the sum of their individual effects. The word is most commonly used in this fashion in biochemistry and toxicology. Interference in the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antagonism"
Arndt-Schulz rule or Schulz' law is a law (named after Hugo Paul Friedrich Schulz and Rudolf Arndt) concerning the effects of pharmaca or poisons in low, respectively strong concentrations. According to this, highly diluted pharmaca or poisons enhance life processes, moderately strong ones favour it, while strong concentrations may inhibit these processes and even terminate them. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arndt-Schulz rule"
An astringent substance is a chemical substance that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. Two common examples are calamine lotion and witch hazel. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astringent"
Bioactivity refers to the effect of a given agent, such as a vaccine, upon a living organism or on living tissue. A material is considered bioactive if it has interaction with or effect on any cell tissue in the human body. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bioactivity"
Bioassay is a shorthand commonly used term for biological assay and is a type of in vivo experiment. Bioassays are typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a living organism. Bioassays may be qualitative or quantitative, the latter often involving an estimation of the concentration or potency of a substance by measurement of the biological response that it produces. Quantitative bioassays are typically analyzed using the methods of biostatistics. Bioassays are essential in the development of new drugs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bioassay"
Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs (see pharmacology) produced by biotechnology. The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was recombinant insulin in 1982. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biopharmaceutical"
In pharmacology, the biophase is the effect site of a drug. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biophase"
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In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface of a human body. For many clinical purposes BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Estimation of BSA is simpler than many measures of volume. ...more on Wikipedia about "Body surface area"
Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bradykinin"
A British Approved Name (BAN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). The BAN is also the official name used in many countries across the world, especially those of the Commonwealth of Nations. ...more on Wikipedia about "British Approved Name"
The British National Formulary (BNF) contains a wide spectrum of information on prescribing and pharmacology, among others indications, side effects and costs of the prescription of all medications available on the National Health Service. It is used by doctors and other prescribers (such as nurses and pharmacists) to help them select appropriate treatments for their patients; and is used as a general reference book on the wards by nurses who administer medications. ...more on Wikipedia about "British National Formulary"
The British Pharmacopoeia is the authoritative collection of standards for UK medicinal substances. Produced under the auspices of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency it is an essential reference point for everyone involved in research, development and manufacture of formulated preparations and veterinary substances. ...more on Wikipedia about "British Pharmacopoeia"
The trademarked name of a synthetic central nervous system stimulant, fenethylline, which is often sold in pill form. Captagon is one of the more popular recreational drugs among affluent youth in the Middle East, where demand has remained strong despite the illegality of production since 1986. ...more on Wikipedia about "Captagon"
A Case Report Form is a printed, optical, or electronic document designed to record all of the clinical protocol required information to be reported to the sponsor on each clinical trial subject. ...more on Wikipedia about "Case Report Form"
The Chilean Pharmaceutical Policy was an attempt in the 1960s and 70s to introduce a rational National pharmaceuticals policy. Chile was perhaps the first country in the world to introduce the concept of a limited number of essential drugs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chilean pharmaceutical policy"
In medicine, the clearance, also renal clearance or renal plasma clearance (when referring to the function of the kidney), of a substance is the inverse of the time constant that describes its removal rate from the body divided by its volume of distribution (or total body water). ...more on Wikipedia about "Clearance (medicine)"
Clinical site is a medical facility staffed with a clinical investigator. As per ICH GCP 4.1.1 the investigator(s) should be qualified by education, training, and experience to assume responsibility for the proper conduct of the clinical trial, should meet all the qualifications specified by the applicable regulatory requirement(s), and should provide evidence of such qualifications through up-to-date curriculum vitae and/or other relevant documentation requested by the sponsor, the institutional review board/independent ethics committee (IRB/IEC), and/or the regulatory authority(ies). ...more on Wikipedia about "Clinical site"
In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clinical trial" Things Go Better with www.shortopedia.com.
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