Phases of matter Phases of matter The Activity coefficient for chemicals in a mixture is an indicator of what the concentration of that chemical will be in a vapor of the mixture. ...more on Wikipedia about "Activity coefficient"
An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms. (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are called crystalline solids.) Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers (such as polystyrene) are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy are amorphous solids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amorphous solid"
color-flavor-locked phase. But at the densities that ...more on Wikipedia about "Color superconductivity"
Crystallization is a solid-liquid separation technique, or the process of formation of solid crystals from a homogeneous solution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crystallization processes"
Degenerate matter is matter which has sufficiently high density that the dominant contribution to its pressure arises from the Pauli exclusion principle. The pressure maintained by a body of degenerate matter is called the degeneracy pressure, and arises because the Pauli principle forbids the constituent particles from occupying identical quantum states. Therefore, reducing the volume requires forcing the particles into higher-energy quantum states. The species of fermion are sometimes identified, so that we may speak of electron degeneracy pressure, neutron degeneracy pressure, and so forth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Degenerate matter"
A chiral condensate (also called fermion condensate or quark condensate) is an order parameter for chiral symmetry breaking in a theory ...more on Wikipedia about "Fermion condensate"
The fermionic condensate is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic atoms at low temperatures. It is closely related to the Bose-Einstein condensate, a superfluid phase formed by bosonic atoms under similar conditions. Unlike the Bose-Einstein condensates, fermionic condensates are formed using fermions instead of bosons. The fermions form a condensate in a manner analogous to the electrons in a superconductor. The first fermionic condensate was created by Deborah S. Jin in 2003. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fermionic condensate"
My www.shortopedia.com and me.
A gel (from the lat. gelu—freezing, cold, ice or gelatus—frozen, immobile) is an apparently solid, jelly-like material formed from a colloidal solution. By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids. An example is gelatin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gel"
A Langmuir-Blodgett film contains of one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is added with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very accurate thickness can be formed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Langmuir-Blodgett film"
Liquefaction of gases includes a number of processes used to convert a gas into a liquid state at a temperature above the normal boiling point of the substance. The processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well. Liquefaction is used for analyzing the fundamental properties of gas molecules (intermolecular forces), for storage of gases, for example: LPG, and in refrigeration and air conditioning. There the gas is liquefied in the condenser, where the heat of vaporization is released, and evaporated in the evaporator, where the heat of vaporization is absorbed. Ammonia was the first such refrigerant, but it has been replaced by compounds derived from petroleum and halogens. ...more on Wikipedia about "Liquefaction of gases"
This is a list of the different phases of matter including the more exotic ones. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of phases of matter"
A liquid crystalline material is called lyotropic if the ordering effects in it are induced by changing its concentration within a solvent. Examples are suspensions of rod-like viruses as the Tobacco Mosaic Virus as well as man-made colloidal suspensions of non-spherical colloidal particles. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lyotropic"
A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of atoms or molecules ** . A Langmuir monolayer is a one-molecule thick insoluble layer of an organic material spread onto an aqueous sub phase. Traditional compounds used to prepare Langmuir monolayers are amphiphilic materials that possess a hydrophilic headgroup and a hydrophobic tail. Since the 1980s a large number of other materials have been employed to produce Langmuir monolayers, some of which are semi-amphiphilic, including macromolecules such as polymers. Langmuir monolayers are extensively studied for the fabrication of Langmuir-Blodgett film (LB films), which are formed by transferred monolayers on a solid substrate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Monolayer"
Neutronium is a term used in science fiction and popular literature to refer to an extremely dense phase of matter composed primarily of neutrons. The word had been coined by Andreas von Antropoff in 1926 (scil., before the discovery of the neutron itself) for the 'element of atomic number zero' that he placed at the head of the periodic table. The meaning of the term changed over time, and from the last half of the 20th century onwards it was used to refer to extremely dense phases of matter resembling the neutron-degenerate matter postulated to exist in the cores of neutron stars. ...more on Wikipedia about "Neutronium"
Quark matter refers to any of a number of phases of matter built out of quarks and gluons. These constituents of quark matter carry colour charges and interact through Quantum chromodynamics. The scale of this theory, ΛQCD is of the order of a few hundred MeV (ie, about K). In this article low temperature (or chemical potential) will mean energies lower than this. ...more on Wikipedia about "QCD matter"
A quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is a phase of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and density. It is believed to have existed during the first 20 or 30 microseconds after the universe came into existence in the Big Bang. Experiments at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron ...more on Wikipedia about "Quark-gluon plasma"
Strange matter is an ultra-dense phase of matter that is theorized to form inside particularly massive neutron stars. It is theorized that when the neutronium which makes up a neutron star is put under sufficient pressure due to the star's gravity, the individual neutrons break down and their constituent quarks form strange matter. The star then becomes known as a " strange star" or "quark star". Strange matter is composed of strange quarks bound to each other directly, in a similar manner to how neutronium is composed of neutrons; a strange star is essentially a single gigantic nucleon. (Normal matter is composed of "up" and "down" quarks only.) A strange star lies between neutron stars and black holes in terms of both mass and density, and if sufficient additional matter is added to a strange star it will collapse into a black hole as well. ...more on Wikipedia about "Strange matter"
Strongly symmetric matter: for up to 10-36 seconds after the Big Bang the energy density of the universe was so high that the four forces of nature, strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational, were unified into one single force. Then the universe expanded, the temperature and density dropped, and the strong force separated, a process called symmetry breaking. ...more on Wikipedia about "Strongly symmetric matter"
Superfluidity is a phase of matter characterised by the complete absence of viscosity. Thus superfluids, placed in a closed loop, can flow endlessly without friction. Superfluidity was discovered by Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, John F. Allen, and Don Misener in 1937. The study of superfluidity is called quantum hydrodynamics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Superfluid"
A supersolid is a spatially ordered superfluid. ...more on Wikipedia about "Supersolid"
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia . Direct links to the original articles are in the text.
If you use exact copy or modified of this article you should preserve above paragraph and put also : It uses material from
the Shortopedia article about "Phases of matter".
| MAIN PAGE | MAIN INDEX | CONTACT US |