Physiology Physiology Abiotic stress is caused in living organisms by nonliving environmental factors, such as drought, extreme temperatures, soil conditions, and high winds. Plants are especially dependent on environmental factors, and continued abiotic stress can have harmful effects on them or force natural selection. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abiotic stress"
Acclimatization, uh kly muh tuh ZAY shuhn, acclimatisation, and acclimation are general terms used to describe the process of an organism adjusting to changes in its environment, often involving temperature or climate. Acclimatization usually occurs in a short time, and within one organism's lifetime (compare adaptation). This may be a discrete occurence or may instead represent part of a periodic cycle, such as a mammal shedding heavy winter fur in favour of a lighter summer coat. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acclimatization"
An acidophile is an inorganic particle or living organism (or part thereof) that tends toward acidic conditions or acids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acidophile"
An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell. An agonist is the opposite of an antagonist in the sense that while an antagonist also binds to the receptor, it fails to activate the receptor and actually blocks it from activation by agonists. A partial agonist activates a receptor but does not cause as much of a physiological change as does a full agonist. The receptors of the human body work by being stimulated or inhibited by natural (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) or synthetic (such as drugs) agonists and antagonists. To see how an agonist may activate a receptor see this link . Recently a novel theory called Functional Selectivity has been proposed that broadens the conventional definition of pharmacology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agonist"
Allen's rule is a biological rule posited by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877. It states that endotherms from colder climates usually have shorter limbs than the equivalent animals from warmer climates. ...more on Wikipedia about "Allen's rule"
Allometry is the science studying the differential growth rates of the parts of a living organism's body part or process. ...more on Wikipedia about "Allometry"
Anaerobic is a technical word which literally means without air, as opposed to aerobic. The presence or absence of air, or more precisely the presence or absence of oxygen in the air, affects various chemical and biological reactions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anaerobic"
An antioxidant is a chemical that prevents the oxidation of other chemicals. These compounds, despite their name, do not prevent oxidation. Instead, they oxidize first, preventing the oxidizing agent from oxidizing compounds that are more important to proper functioning of a system, as in a cell. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antioxidant"
Assimilation (from similis, lat. = similar), in biology, designates the process of the transformation of external substances and materials into substances and materials internal to the body. Examples of assimilation are: ...more on Wikipedia about "Assimilation (biology)"
* Bioelectromagnetics , Wiley, 1985-present, (ISSN 0197-8462) ...more on Wikipedia about "Bioelectromagnetics"
Bioelectromagnetism (sometimes equated with bioelectricity) refers to the static voltage of biological cells and to the electric currents that flow in living tissues, such as nerves and muscles, as a result of action potentials. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bioelectromagnetism"
Bioenergetics, loosely defined, is the study of energy investment and flow through living systems. This broad definition includes the study of thousands of different processes ranging from cellular respiration and the production of ATP, to the study of evolutionary costs accompanying the development of a particular trait, such as the immune system. One question this area of science seeks to answer is whether protective benefit of a particular trait is worth the energy investment it requires. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bioenergetics"
Biofeedback is a form of complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM) which involves measuring bodily processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, galvanic skin response (sweating), and muscle tension in order to raise a subject's awareness and conscious control of these functions. Devices as simple as mirrors and bathroom scales can be considered rudimentary biofeedback devices, insofar as the information they provide can help a person with issues related to posture and weight; more complex biofeedback devices have been used therapeutically with several conditions, including epilepsy, asthma, incontinence, irritable bowel syndrome, Raynaud's disease, chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting, headaches, high blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias ** . Electraencephalogram-based biofeedback, which measures brainwaves and is usually called neurofeedback, has gained popularity in recent years as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and is being studied as a potential treatment for anxiety, depression, and drug addiction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biofeedback"
Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. Aristoteles might be considered the first biomechanicist. He wrote the first book called "De Motu Animalium" - On the Movement of Animals. He not only saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems, but pursued such questions as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it. (Read more about the history of Biomechanics in A Genealogy of Biomechanics .) The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular, wherein molecular biomaterials such as collagen and elastin are considered, to the macroscopic level, all the way up to the tissue and organ level. Some simple applications of Newtonian Mechanics can supply correct approximations on each level, but precise details demand the use of Continuum Mechanics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biomechanics"
Biomineralisation (or biomineralization) is the process in which living organism produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues in living organisms. These minerals often form structural features such as sea shells and the bone in mammals and birds. Organisms have been producing mineralised skeletons for the past 550 million years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biomineralisation"
Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bone resorption"
A boxer's fracture is the common name for a fracture at the neck of the fifth metacarpal bone. It is usually caused by the impact of a clenched fist with an immovable object, such as a wall or skull. The pinky knuckle tends to lead the rest of the knuckles in a hard punch, and the knuckle compresses and snaps the head of the metacarpal bone. These fractues are often angulated, and if severely so require pins to be put in place and realignment as well as the usual splinting. However, the prognosis on these fractures is generally good, with total healing time not exceeding 12 weeks. The first two weeks will show significantly reduced overall swelling with improvement in clenching abilty showing up first. Ability to extend the fingers in all directions appears to improve more slowly. Hard casts are rarely required and soft casts or splints can be removed for brief periods of time to allow for activities such as showers and "airing out" the casted or splinted area so as to avoid skin rotting and permit cleansing of the casted or splinted area. Pain from this injury is generally very mild and rarely requires medications beyond over the counter drugs such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Muscle atrophy in isolated areas of 5 to 15 percent should be expected with a rehabilitation period of approximately 4 months given adequate therapy. In the mildest of cases, full rehabilitation status can be achieved within 3 to 4 months. ...more on Wikipedia about "Boxer's fracture"
Calcium metabolism or calcium homeostasis is the mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels. Derangements of this mechanism lead to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, which both can have important consequences for health. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calcium metabolism"
Cardiac cycle is the term used to describe the sequence of events that occur as a heart works to pump blood through the body. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cardiac cycle"
A central pattern generator is a network of neurons (or even a single neuron) which is able to exhibit rhythmic behavior in the absence of sensory input. Besides being found in nervous systems, they are also sometimes implemented to control robot locomotion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Central pattern generator"
Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure of blood flow to the brain. It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little presure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cerebral perfusion pressure"
Cold hardening is the physiological and biochemical process by which an organism prepares for cold weather. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cold hardening"
Cryptobiosis is an ametabolic state of life entered by some lower organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency. In the cryptobiotic state, all metabolic procedures stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. An organism in a cryptobiotic state can essentially live indefinitely until environmental conditions return to being hospitable. When this occurs, the organism will return to its metabolic state of life as it was prior to the cryptobiosis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cryptobiosis"
Cuneate tubercles are located inferior to the fourth ventricle, near the bottom of the brainstem. They are adjacent to the trigeminal bulge in the medulla and flanked by gracile tubercles. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cuneate tubercles"
In biology, diffusion capacity is a measurement of the lung's ability to absorb and excrete gases, notably, oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is part of a comprehensive test series of lung function called pulmonary function testing. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diffusion capacity" This article is made for http://www.shortopedia.com shortopedia
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