Plant physiology Plant physiology Adventitious, in botany, refers to structures that develop in an unusual place, and in medicine, it refers to conditions acquired after birth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adventitious"
Amyloplasts (are a form of leucoplasts) are non- pigmented organelles found in plant cells responsible for the storage of starch through the polymerisation of glucose. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amyloplast"
The apical meristem, or growing tip, is a completely undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of root in plants. Its main function is to begin growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots (forming buds, among other things). Specifically, an active apical meristem lays down a growing root or shoot behind itself, pushing itself forward. Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apical meristem"
Auxins are a group of plant growth substances (often called phytohormones or plant hormones). Auxins play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life. ...more on Wikipedia about "Auxin"
Bark is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants such as trees. It overlays the wood and consists of three layers, the cork, the phloem, and the vascular cambium - in other words, most of the stem except for the xylem (this division may seem arbitrary, but the easiest way to split a stem parallel to its length is by pulling the bark away from the xylem). ...more on Wikipedia about "Bark"
In botany, a bud is an undeveloped shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of the stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bud"
A calcicole or calciphyte is a plant that does not tolerate acidic soil. The word is derived from the Latin 'to dwell on chalk'. Under acidic conditions, aluminium becomes more soluble and phosphate less. Consequently, calcicoles grown on acidic soils often develop the symptoms of aluminium toxicity, i.e. necrosis, and phosphate deficiency, i.e. anthocyanosis (reddening of the leaves) and stunting. Compare calcifuge. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calcicole"
A calcifuge is a plant that does not tolerate alkaline (basic) soil. The word is derived from the Latin 'to flee from chalk'. These plants are also described as ericaceous, as the prototypical calcifuge is the genus Erica (heaths). It is not the presence of carbonate or hydroxide ions per se that these plants cannot tolerate, but the fact that under alkaline conditions, iron becomes less soluble. Consequently, calcifuges grown on alkaline soils often develop the symptoms of iron deficiency, i.e. interveinal chlorosis of new growth. There are many horticultural plants which are calcifuges, most of which require an 'ericaceous' compost with a low pH, composed principally of Sphagnum moss peat. These include heathers, Camellias, Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and most carnivorous plants. Compare calcicole. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calcifuge"
A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and most other protists have cell membranes without surrounding cell walls. When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a protoplast. The cell wall's main purpose is to actually protect the interior from any physical movement that may damage the cell. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cell wall"
Cork is a tissue found in some plants, which consists of tightly packed dead cells. It allows improved insulation and prevents loss of water or nutrients on the inner bark of wooded plants. This tissue is often extracted from Cork oak and manufactured into various products (see cork (material)). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cork (tissue)"
In botany the cortex is the outer portion of the stem or root of a plant, bounded on the outside by the epidermis and on the inside by the pericycle. It is composed mostly of undifferentiated cells, usually large thin-walled parenchyma cells. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells. Some of the outer cortical cells may contain chloroplasts. Its main function is the storage of starch; often, it also provides aeration of cells to allow respiration. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cortex (botany)"
Cryptochrome is a name used historically for the blue light photoreceptors of plants. It is now used to describe a specific subset of blue light receptors, a family of flavoproteins that regulate germination, elongation and photoperiodism responses in higher plants. Blue light also mediates phototropism, but this response is now known to have its own set of photoreceptors, the phototropins. They are also found in insects and mammals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cryptochrome"
Cytorrhysis is the complete collapse of a plant cell's cell wall within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis. This usually follows plasmolysis. Cytorrhysis will cause a much greater loss of shape and structure. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cytorrhysis"
Dehiscence is the spontaneous opening at maturity of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dehiscence (botany)"
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Endosperm is a triploid tissue (containing three sets of chromosomes) found in the seeds of flowering plants. It provides nutrition to the developing embryo. It is mostly composed of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. ...more on Wikipedia about "Endosperm"
In plant physiology, the epicotyl is the embryonic shoot above the cotyledons. In dicots, the hypocotyl is what appears to be the base stem under the spent withered cotyledons, and the shoot just above that is the epicotyl. In monocot plants, the first shoot that emerges from the ground or from the seed is the epicotyl, from which the first shoots and leaves emerge. ...more on Wikipedia about "Epicotyl"
Florigen is the term used for the hypothesized hormone-like molecules that control and/or trigger flowering in plants. Its precise identity and mechanism are not known; only its function. ...more on Wikipedia about "Florigen"
The glucosinolates are a class of organic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen and a group derived from glucose. They occur as secondary metabolites of many plants of the order Capparales (especially in the family Brassicaceae). Plants use substances derived from glucosinolates as natural pesticides and as defense against herbivores; these substances are also responsible for the bitter or sharp taste of many common foods such as mustard, horseradish, cabbage and brussel sprouts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glucosinolate"
Heliotropism is the diurnal motion of plant parts (flowers or leaves) in response to the direction of the sun. Heliotropic flowers track the sun's motion across the sky from East to West. During the night, the flowers may assume a random orientation, while at dawn they turn again towards the East where the sun rises. This behavior is exhibited, for example, by the snow buttercup (Ranunculus adoneus), an alpine plant. The motion is performed by motor cells in a flexible segment just below the flower, called a pulvinus. The motor cells are specialized in pumping potassium ions into nearby tissues, changing the turgor pressure. The segment flexes because the motor cells at the shadow side elongate due to a "turgor rise". Heliotropism is a response to blue light. If at night a heliotropic species is covered with a red transparent cover that blocks blue light, the plant does not turn towards the sun next morning. In contrast, if it is covered with a blue transparent cover, the plant does track the sun. ...more on Wikipedia about "Heliotropism"
The hyponastic response is an upward bending of leaves or other plant parts, resulting from growth of the lower side. This can be observed in many terrestial plants and is thought to be linked to the plant hormone ethylene. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hyponastic response"
Indole-3-acetic acid, also known as IAA, is a member of the group of phytohormones called auxins. IAA is generally considered to be the most important native auxin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Indole-3-acetic acid"
:This article is about the leaf, a plant organ. See Leaf (disambiguation) for other meanings. ...more on Wikipedia about "Leaf"
Leucoplasts are a form of plastids ( organelles found in plant cells). ...more on Wikipedia about "Leucoplast"
Meristem is a type of embryonic tissue in plants consisting of unspecialized, youthful cells called meristematic cells and found in areas of the plant where growth is or will take place - the roots and shoots. ...more on Wikipedia about "Meristem"
Microphylls are poorly-developed leaves with only a single, unbranched vascular trace ("vein"), typically but not always photosynthetic. They are usually small in size but can become reasonably large in Isoetes (quillworts) and some extinct related taxa. They are a defining feature of the most primitive vascular plant lineage, the lycopodiophytes (clubmosses), which never have well-developed megaphylls (leaves with multiple, branching vascular traces). In addition to having a single unbranching vascular trace, microphylls also occur only with the simplest type of stem vasculature, a protostele in which stems contain a single solid strand of vascular tissue. ...more on Wikipedia about "Microphyll"
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