Plasma physics Plasma physics An adiabatic invariant in general is a property of motion which is conserved to exponential accuracy in the small parameter representing the typical rate of change of the gross properties of the body. For periodic motion, the adiabatic invariants are the action integrals taken over a period of the motion. These are constants of the motion and remain so even when changes are made in the system, as long as the changes are slow compared to the period of motion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adiabatic invariant"
In the afterglow of a plasma, also known as remote plasma, the external electromagnetic fields that sustained the plasma glow are absent or insufficient to maintain the discharge. A plasma afterglow ...more on Wikipedia about "Afterglow plasma"
Ambipolar diffusion is diffusion of positive and negative particles in a plasma at the same rate due to their interaction via the electric field. It is closely related to the concept of quasineutrality. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ambipolar diffusion"
An Anisothermal plasma is a plasma which thermal state can be approximated by more than one temperature for the different degrees of freedom of the plasma. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anisothermal plasma"
The Aston Dark Space is a region in the glow discharge, such as that found in a classroom demonstration consisting of a nearly evacuated tube with electrodes at each end. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aston Dark Space"
An astrophysical plasma is a plasmas (an ionized gas) found in astronomy whose physical properties are studied in the science of astrophysics. Around 99% of the universe is thought to consist of plasma, a state of matter in which atoms and molecules are so hot, that they have ionized by breaking up into their constituent parts, negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. Although influenced by gravity, because the particles are charged, they are also strongly influenced by electromagnetic forces, that is, by magnetic and electric fields. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astrophysical plasma"
The aurora is a glow observed in the night sky usually in the polar zone. It is also known as "northern lights" or "aurora borealis," Latin for "northern dawn" since (in Europe especially) it often appears as a reddish glow on the northern horizon, as if the sun were rising from an unusual direction. Aurora borealis most often occurs from September to October and March to April. Its southern counterpart "aurora australis," has similar properties, so scientists prefer "polar aurora" (or "aurora polaris"). Dr Tony Phillips ( NASA Spaceweather.com ) collects and publishs images of Auroral displays from both hemispheres. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aurora (astronomy)"
Ball lightning is a natural phenomenon, or debatably, a pseudoscientific theory. It is sometimes associated with thunderstorms. It takes the form of a long-lived, glowing, floating object, as opposed to the short-lived arcing between two points commonly associated with lightning. An early attempt to explain ball lightning was recorded by Nikola Tesla on March 5, 1904 (Electrical World and Engineer). ** ...more on Wikipedia about "Ball lightning"
A Birkeland current generally refers to any electric current in a space plasma, but more specifically when charged particles in the current follow magnetic field lines. They are caused by the movement of a plasma perpendicular to a magnetic field. Birkeland currents often show filamentary, or twisted "rope-like" magnetic structure. They are sometimes referred to as field-aligned currents. ...more on Wikipedia about "Birkeland current"
Bohm diffusion is the diffusion of plasma across a magnetic field with a diffusion coefficient equal to ...more on Wikipedia about "Bohm diffusion"
In a plasma, the Boltzmann relation connects the electron density ne to the plasma potential φpl as follows: ...more on Wikipedia about "Boltzmann relation"
Bremsstrahlung, (from the German bremsen, to brake and Strahlung, radiation), is electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration of a charged particle, such as an electron, when deflected by another charged particle, such as an atomic nucleus. The term is also used to refer to the process of producing the radiation. Bremsstrahlung has a continuous spectrum. The phenomenon was discovered by Nikola Tesla during high frequency research conducted by him between 1888 and 1897. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bremsstrahlung"
A capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) is one of the most common types of industrial plasma reactors. It essentially consists of a two metal electrodes separated by a small distance, placed in a reactor. The reactor pressure can be lower than atmosphere or can be atmospheric. ...more on Wikipedia about "Capacitively coupled plasma"
In astronomy, a corona is the luminous plasma " atmosphere" of the Sun or other celestial body, extending millions of kilometres into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but also observable in a coronagraph. ...more on Wikipedia about "Corona" There's a bit of http://www.shortopedia.com in all of us.
In electricity, a corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by the ionization of a fluid surrounding a conductor, which occurs when the potential gradient exceeds a certain value, in situations where sparking (also known as arcing) is not favoured. ...more on Wikipedia about "Corona discharge"
A Coulomb collision is a collision between two particles when the force between them is given by Coulomb's Law. As with any inverse-square law, the result is a hyperbolic Keplerian orbit. The distiction to gravitational interactions is important, however, when the cumulative effect of many collisions is considered. Due to Debye shielding, there is an upper limit to the distance at which the particles interact. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coulomb collision"
Critical ionization velocity (CIV) is the relative velocity between a neutral gas and plasma (an ionized gas), at which the neutral gas will start to ionize. If more energy is supplied, the velocity of the atoms or molecules will not exceed the critical ionization velocity until the gas becomes almost fully ionized. ...more on Wikipedia about "Critical ionization velocity"
A current sheet is an electrical current that is confined to a surface, rather than being spread through a volume of space. Current sheets feature in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the study of the behavior of electrically conductive fluids: if an electric current flows through part of the volume of such a fluid, magnetic forces tend to expel it from the fluid, compressing the current into thin layers that pass through the volume. ...more on Wikipedia about "Current sheet"
Cyclotron radiation is a type of bremsstrahlung (braking) radiation. It is electromagnetic radiation emitted by moving charged particles trapped in a magnetic field. The Lorentz force on the particles acts perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the particle's motion through them, creating an acceleration of charged particles that causes them to emit radiation (and to spiral around the magnetic field lines). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cyclotron radiation"
The Debye sheath (also electrostatic sheath) is the non-neutral layer several Debye lengths thick where a plasma contacts a material surface. ...more on Wikipedia about "Debye sheath"
A Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) is a plasma machine that produces, by electromagnetic acceleration and compression, short-lived plasma that is so hot and dense that it becomes a copious multi-radiation source. It was invented in the early 1960s by J.W. Mather and also independently by N.V. Filippov. It is also called a high-intensity plasma gun device (HIPGD), or just plasma gun. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dense plasma focus" Tell your friends about shortopedia
A direct current discharge is an electrical discharge, also known as plasma, sustained by a direct current (DC) through an ionized medium, e.g. a gas. ...more on Wikipedia about "Direct current discharge"
A double layer is an electric charge separation region that forms in a plasma. It consists of two oppositely charged parallel layers, resulting in a voltage drop and electric field across the layer, which accelerates the plasma's electrons and positive ions in opposite directions, producing an electric current. All electrons spiralling through a magnetic field will produce radiation, and a large potential drop across the layer may accelerate electrons to relativistic velocities (ie close to the speed of light), which may produce synchrotron radiation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Double layer"
In the study of magnetized plasmas, the motion of the guiding centers of the particles is called a drift because it is (by assumption) slow compared to the gyration in the magnetic field. ...more on Wikipedia about "Drift (plasma physics)"
Duoplasmatron, an invention of Manfred von Ardenne, is a type of ion beam source. The duoplasmatron operates as follows: a cathode filament emits electrons into a vacuum chamber. A gas such as Argon is introduced in very small quantities into the chamber, where it becomes charged or ionized through interactions with the free electrons from the cathode, forming a plasma. The plasma is then accelerated through a series of at least two highly charged grids, and becomes an ion beam, moving at fairly high speed from the aperture of the device. ...more on Wikipedia about "Duoplasmatron"
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