Polarization Polarization Birefringence, or double refraction, is the decomposition of a ray of light into two rays (the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray) when it passes through certain types of material, such as calcite crystals, depending on the polarization of the light. This effect can occur only if the structure of the material is anisotropic. If the material has a single axis of anisotropy, (i.e. it is uniaxial,) birefringence can be formalised by assigning two different refractive indices to the material for different polarizations. The birefringence magnitude is then defined by: ...more on Wikipedia about "Birefringence"
Circular dichroism (CD), is the differential absorption of left and right hand circularly polarized light. It is a form of spectroscopy used to determine the optical isomerism and secondary structure of molecules. ...more on Wikipedia about "Circular dichroism"
In electrodynamics, circular polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a polarization such that the tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle as time progresses. The name is derived from this fact. The electric vector, at one point in time, describes a helix along the direction of wave propagation (see the polarization article for pictures). The magnitude of the electric field vector is constant as it rotates. Circular polarization is a limiting case of the more general condition of elliptical polarization. The other special case is the easier-to-understand linear polarization. ...more on Wikipedia about "Circular polarization"
The Cotton effect is the characteristic change in optical rotatory dispersion and/or circular dichroism in the vicinity of an absorption band of a substance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cotton effect"
Dextrorotation is the property of rotating plane polarized light clockwise. Laevorotation is the opposite of dextrorotation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dextrorotation"
Dichroism has two related but distinct meanings in optics. A dichroic material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths ( colours), or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dichroism"
The E-plane and H-plane are reference planes for linearly polarized antennas. ...more on Wikipedia about "E-plane and H-plane"
In electrodynamics elliptical polarization is the polarization of electromagnetic radiation such that the tip of the electric field vector describes an ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting, and normal to, the direction of propagation. An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two linearly polarized waves in phase quadrature with their polarization planes at right angles to each other. ...more on Wikipedia about "Elliptical polarization"
A Glan-Foucault prism (also called a Glan-air prism) is a type of prism which is used as a polarizer. It is similar in construction to a Glan-Thompson prism, except that two right-angled calcite prisms are spaced with an air-gap instead of cemented together. Total internal reflection of p- polarized light at the air gap means that only s-polarized light is transmitted straight through the prism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glan-Foucault prism"
A Glan-Taylor prism is a type of prism which used as a polarizer or polarizing beam splitter. It is one of the most common types of modern polarizing prism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glan-Taylor prism"
A Glan-Thompson prism is a type of polarizing prism similar to a Nicol prism. It consists of two right-angled calcite prisms that are cemented together by their long faces. The optical axes of the calcite crystals are parallel and aligned perpendicular to the plane of reflection. Birefringence splits light entering the prism into two rays, experiencing different refractive indices; the p-polarized o-ray is totally internally reflected from the calcite-cement interface, leaving the s-polarized e-ray to be transmitted. The prism can therefore be used as a polarizing beam splitter. Traditionally Canada balsam was used as the cement in assembling these prisms. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glan-Thompson prism"
In optics one can describe polarization using the Jones calculus, invented by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the Jones matrix of the optical element and the Jones vector of the incident light. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jones calculus"
Levorotation (also spelled laevorotation) is the counterclockwise rotation of plane polarized light. ...more on Wikipedia about "Levorotation"
In electrodynamics, linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. See polarization for more information. ...more on Wikipedia about "Linear polarization"
Magnetically induced circular dichroism (MCD), is the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light in the presence of a magnetic field. In general, this means wrapping a circular dichrometer in a large electromagnet. If the magnet is water cooled, field strength of a couple of teslas are common. With a superconducting magnet, field strengths can reach 5 teslas. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic circular dichroism"
Mueller calculus is a matrix method for manipulating Stokes vectors, which represent the polarization of incoherent light. It was developed in 1943 by Hans Mueller, then a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Light which is unpolarized or partially polarized must be treated using Mueller calculus, while fully polarized coherent light must be treated with Jones calculus. The effect of a particular optical element is represented by a Mueller matrix; which is a 4x4 matrix and a generalization of the Jones matrix. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mueller calculus"
A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer, an optical device used to generate a beam of polarized light. It was the first type of polarizing prism to be invented, in 1828 by William Nicol ( 1768- 1851) of Edinburgh. It consists of a rhombohedral crystal of calcite (Iceland spar) that has been cut at a 68° angle, split diagonally, and then joined again using Canada balsam. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nicol prism"
Optical isomerism is a form of isomerism (specifically stereoisomerism) where the two different isomers are the same in every way except being non-superposable mirror images 1 of each other. Optical isomers are known as chiral molecules (prounounced ki-rall) . ...more on Wikipedia about "Optical isomerism"
When polarized light is passed through a substance containing chiral molecules (or nonchiral molecules arranged asymmetrically), the direction of polarization can be changed. This phenomenon is called optical rotation or optical activity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Optical rotation"
Optical rotatory dispersion is the variation in the optical rotation of a substance with a change in the wavelength of light. ...more on Wikipedia about "Optical rotatory dispersion"
Orthomode transducer also known as the polarization diplexer is a device forming part of an antenna feed and serving to combine or separate orthogonally polarized signals. These transducers are used in dual-polarized radar antennas, radiometers, and communications links. They are connected to the antenna's downconvertor or LNB. ...more on Wikipedia about "Orthomode transducer"
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The Pockels effect, or Pockels electro-optic effect, is the production of birefringence in an optical medium induced by a constant or varying electric field. It is distinguished from the Kerr effect by the fact that the birefringence is proportional to the electric field, whereas in the Kerr effect it is quadratic in the field. The Pockels effect occurs only in crystals that lack inversion symmetry, such as lithium niobate or gallium arsenide. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pockels effect"
Polarimetry is the measurement of the polarisation of light; a polarimeter is the scientific instrument used to make these measurements. Polarimetry of thin films and surfaces is commonly known as ellipsometry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Polarimetry"
In electrodynamics, polarization (also spelled polarisation) is a property of waves, such as light and other electromagnetic radiation. Unlike more familiar wave ...more on Wikipedia about "Polarization"
Polarization is an important phenomenon in astronomy. The polarization of starlight was first observed by the astronomers William Hiltner and John S. Hall in 1949. Subsequently, Jesse Greenstein and Leverett Davis, Jr. developed theories allowing the use of polarization data to trace interstellar magnetic fields. ...more on Wikipedia about "Polarization in astronomy"
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