Politics of Italy Politics of Italy Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank which collapsed spectacularly in 1982. At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi and - supposedly - his membership in the powerful masonic lodge P2. Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main share-holder. ...more on Wikipedia about "Banco Ambrosiano"
The Biennio rosso (English: "two red years") were two years, 1919 and 1920, of political agitation by many Italian workers. In Turin, workers councils were formed, and factories were taken over by their workers. The "two red years" of 1919 and 1920 were followed by the "two black years", or " biennio nero", of 1921 and 1922, with the March on Rome by Benito Mussolini and his fascist supporters taking place in 1922. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biennio rosso"
Born in 1954, Cesare Battisti is a former member of a revolutionary organisation called Armed Proletarians for Communism, which supported armed struggle during Italy's " anni di piombo", as well as a writer of thrillers. He joined the organisation in 1976 and is alleged to have committed various murders in Italy. In 1979 he was arrested in Italy and jailed, however he managed to escape 2 years later to France where he was granted asylum by François Mitterrand. He was tried in his absence by Italian courts in 1993 and given a life-sentence under charges of murder of a prison guard, a neo-fascist militant and a policeman, all of which he denies having carried on. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cesare Battisti (communist)"
Clearstream Banking (CB) is a Bank and a transaction clearing company based in Luxembourg ( Europe) created in January 2000. CB was previously known as Cedel (est. 1971); as Cedel, it specialized in clearing until 1996 when it changed into a bank. It has been accused by investigative reporter Denis Robert and Attac of being a major part in the underground economy, a main platform of money laundering for hundreds of banks. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clearstream"
The Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies ( Italian: Dipartimento Studi Strategici Antiterrorismo, DSSA) is an Italian organization set up in 2004. ...more on Wikipedia about "Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies"
Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. Similar political movements, including Nazism, spread across Europe between World War I and World War II. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fascism"
The Festa de l'Unità is the annual communist celebration in Italy, originally organised by the newspaper l'Unità ("Unity"). It is often misspelled Festa dell'unità ("Unity party"), since people forget where the name comes from. ...more on Wikipedia about "Festa de l'Unità"
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The Golpe Borghese was an attempted takeover of political power in postwar Italy which almost came to fruition on the night of 7 December 1970 to 8 December 1970. ...more on Wikipedia about "Golpe Borghese"
The term Historic Compromise ( Italian:"compromesso storico") most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. The assassination of leader of DC, Aldo Moro, in 1978, put an end to it. ...more on Wikipedia about "Historic Compromise"
This is a list of major political scandals in Italy: ...more on Wikipedia about "Italian political scandals"
King of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers after the fall of the Roman Empire. ...more on Wikipedia about "King of Italy"
Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919), was the masonic Grand Master of the powerful Italian lodge Propaganda Due (P2), involved in Gladio's " strategy of tension". He has been involved in almost all of the Italian scandals in the past three decades ( Tangentopoli, which led to the Mani pulite anti-corruption operation, Gladio " stay-behind" clandestine NATO structure, Banco Ambrosiano scandal, Italian premier Aldo Moro's 1978 murder, etc.) Gelli was also a member of the Knights of Malta. He now lives under house arrest in his villa in Tuscany. ...more on Wikipedia about "Licio Gelli"
Political parties in Italy are organized into two dominant political coalitions. Numerous parties operate; no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of political parties in Italy"
Mani pulite ( Italian for clean hands) was a nationwide Italian police investigation into political corruption held in the 1990s, following the scandal of Banco Ambrosiano in 1982, which implicated mafia, Vatican Bank and P2. It led to the demise of the so-called First Republic, resulting in the disappearance of many parties. Some politicians and industry leaders committed suicide after their crimes were exposed. The corruption system that was uncovered by these investigations was usually referred to as Tangentopoli, or "bribeville". ...more on Wikipedia about "Mani pulite"
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A nuclear power phase-out is the discontinuation of usage of nuclear power for energy production. It includes the closing down of nuclear power plants. It was introduced in Sweden (1980), in Italy (1987), in Belgium (1999), and in Germany (2000) and has been discussed in several other European countries. Austria, the Netherlands, and Spain have enacted laws not to build new nuclear power stations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nuclear power phase-out"
Padania is an alternative name for Northern Italy. Its usage has strong political implications, and is associated with the Northern League, an Italian political party. ...more on Wikipedia about "Padania"
Politics of Italy takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Italy has been a democratic republic since June 2, 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by popular referendum (see birth of the Italian Republic). The constitution was promulgated on January 1, 1948. ...more on Wikipedia about "Politics of Italy"
Potere Operaio (Workers' Power) was a radical left-wing Italian political group, particularly active between 1968 and 1973. Among the group's leaders were Antonio ('Toni') Negri, Franco Piperno, Oreste Scalzone, and Valerio Morucci, who founded the "operaismo" marxist movement. ...more on Wikipedia about "Potere Operaio"
P2 is the common name for the Italian Freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due ( Italian: Propaganda Two). P2 came to public light with Michele Sindona's inculpation and the Banco Ambrosiano scandal, in which the Vatican Bank had many shares. P2 has been involved in Italy's Strategy of tension. Between 1965 and 1981, it tried to condition the Italian political process through the penetration of persons of confidence to the inside of the magistracy, the Parliament, the army and the press. Beside Italy, P2 was also active in Uruguay, Brazil and especially in Argentina's "Dirty War". ...more on Wikipedia about "Propaganda Due"
The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse) are a militant group located in Italy. Formed in 1970, the Marxist BR seeked to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the Western Alliance. In 1978, they kidnapped and killed Prime Minister Aldo Moro under obscure circumstances. With the discovery of Operation Gladio, following Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti's acknowledgment of its existence in 1990, the hypothesis of the strategia della tensione was reinforced. After 1984's scission, BR difficulty managed to survive the official end of Cold War in 1989, even though it is now a fragile group with no original members. ...more on Wikipedia about "Red Brigades"
The Constitution of Italy provides for legally binding referenda. A referendum can be called in order to abrogate totally or partially a law, but only at the request of 500,000 electors or five regional councils. It is forbidden to call a referendum regarding financial laws or laws relating to pardons or the ratification of international treaties. Any citizen entitled to vote in an election to the Chamber of Deputies may participate in a referendum. The following referenda have occurred in Italy since 1946: ...more on Wikipedia about "Referendum in Italy" Everybody should like http://www.shortopedia.com shortopedia
The Strategy of Tension ( Italian: strategia della tensione) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs and terror. Coined in Italy during the trials of the 1970s and 1980s terror attacks and murders committed by neofascist terrorists (such as Ordine Nuovo, Avanguardia Nazionale or Fronte Nazionale) backed by deviated intelligence agencies, P2 masonic lodge and Gladio, a NATO secret anti-communist army. The bombings were part of a strategy to promote an authoritative government, opposing any " historical compromise" between PCI and DC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Strategy of tension"
Tangentopoli (Italian for bribeville) was the name used to indicate the corruption-based system that dominated Italy until the Mani pulite investigation delivered it a deadly blow in 1992. Licio Gelli, the unfamous headmaster of Propaganda Due (aka "P2") outlawed masonic lodge, was a main character of this scandal, as of the Banco Ambrosiano krach scandal and the Gladio NATO clandestine structure, which engaged itself in domestic terror during Italy's strategy of tension in the 1970s-80s. Whether things have really changed since then, or whether only the names of those involved have, is a matter of debate. ==Popular Distrust of Politics== As a general attitude, but especially in the 80s and early 90s, Italians have often been sceptical of their own politicians. It is a common attitude throughout the country to consider the state inefficient, corruption widespread, success to be based most of the time on personal acquaintances rather than merit. While these claims are somewhat simplistic generalizations, they were probably not such a bad approximation of the real picture. ===Rich Friars and poor monasteries=== It was often observed that, while political parties (especially government members) were in a perennial state of need of money to organize their activities, many politicians were leading lifestyles well beyond what they could have afforded. The powerful secretary of the Italian Socialist Party, Bettino Craxi, is often taken as a typical example, since he had a permanent residence in an expensive hotel in Rome's centre and also owned a villa in Hammamet, Tunisia. Few pictures exist of the villa, and reports range from it being described as a castle with an 18-hole golf course to a relatively modest seaside villa. In any case, this lifestyle should have been beyond his means. Another member of the Italian Socialist Party, Rino Formica, once made a statement that remains proverbial: The friars are rich, but the monastery is poor. ===Recommendations=== It was obvious that careers in state conglomerates, especially public television RAI, were likely to be influenced more by personal acquaintances than by competence. A popular saying may be translated as: "It does not matter what you know, it matters whom you know". Again, one of the most blatant cases was Bettino Craxi's mistress, Sandra Milo, making an impressive career in state television during the 1980s. ===Lottizzazione=== The term lottizzazione, meaning the way a terrain is divided up in minor parts or lotti, came to indicate the procedure of awarding guidance of such important state conglomerates as IRI, ENEL or ENI to political figures, or at least managers with a clear political orientation. This usually trickled down to lower levels, creating power centres depending on political parties that controlled a significant part of the production system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tangentopoli"
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