Pragmatics Pragmatics In linguistics, anaphora is an instance of an expression referring to another. In general, an anaphoric expression is represented by a pro-form or some kind of deictic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anaphora (linguistics)"
In linguistics, cataphora occurs when an expression corefers with a latter expression in the discourse. Often cataphora is used for rhetorical effect, e.g. "He is the biggest slob I know. He is really stupid. He is so cruel. He's my boyfriend Steve". Sometimes it is used in subordinate clauses within a sentence, e.g. "If you want some, here's some parmesan cheese." Often it is used to provide the description of someone before their name, e.g. "A little girl, Jessica, was playing on the swings." Contrast anaphora, where an expression corefers with a prior expression. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cataphora"
In linguistics, a deictic expression is an expression that refers to the personal, temporal, or spatial aspect of an utterance, and whose meaning therefore depends on the context in which it is used. The term was adopted by Charles Peirce from formal logic; it derives from the Greek word deiknýnai, meaning "to show." ...more on Wikipedia about "Deictic expression"
In pragmatics ( linguistics), deixis ( Greek: δειξις display, demonstration, or reference) is a process whereby words or expressions rely absolutely on context. The origo is the context from which the reference is made, in other words, the viewpoint that must be understood in order to interpret the utterance. (If Tom is speaking and he says "I", he refers to himself, but if he is hearing Betty and she says "I", then the origo is with Betty and the reference is to her.) A word that depends on deictic clues is called a deictic or a deictic word. Deixis is a type of exophora. ...more on Wikipedia about "Deixis"
Discourse ethics, sometimes called "argumentation ethics," refers to a type of argument that attempts to establish normative or ethical truths by examining the presuppositions of discourse. ...more on Wikipedia about "Discourse ethics"
Endophora, contrast exophora, is a linguistic reference to something intralinguistic. For example, "I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach". Here "she" is an intralinguistic, and hence endophoric, because it refers to something else already mentioned in the text, i.e. it corefers with "sally". By contrast, "What is this?", here "this" is exophoric not endophoric, because it refers to something extralinguisitc, i.e. there is not enough information in the utterance itself to determine what "this" refers to, but we must instead observe the non-linguistic context of the utterance (e.g., the speaker might be holding an unknown object in their hand as they ask that question.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Endophora"
In pragmatics ( linguistics), entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B). ...more on Wikipedia about "Entailment (pragmatics)"
Exophora is type of linguistic reference in which reference is made to something extralinguistic. Exophora can be deixis, in which special words or grammatical markings are used to make reference to something in the context of the utterance or speaker. For example, pronouns, words such as "this", "that", "here", "there". ...more on Wikipedia about "Exophora"
(Gradience)
Dwight Bolinger (often misspelled Dwight Bollinger) in Aspects of Language, page __.
Linguistics Pragmatics, Semiotics ...more on Wikipedia about "Gradience"
An illocutionary act is any speech act that amounts to stating, questioning, commanding, promising, and so on. It is an act performed in saying something, as contrasted with a locutionary act, the act of saying something, the locution and also contrasted with a perlocutionary act, an act performed by saying something. ...more on Wikipedia about "Illocutionary act"
In pragmatics ( linguistics), implicature is the relationship between two statements where the truth of one suggests the truth of the other, but—distinguishing implicature from entailment—does not require it. For example, the sentence "Mary had a baby and got married" strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still be strictly true if Mary had her baby after she got married. Further, if we add the qualification "— not necessarily in that order" to the original sentence, then the implicature is cancelled even though the meaning of the original sentence is not altered. ...more on Wikipedia about "Implicature"
In pragmatics, the origo is the reference point on which deictic relationships are based. In most deictic systems, the origo identifies with the current speaker (or some property thereof). For instance, if the speaker, John, were to say "This is now my fish", then John would be the origo, and the deictic word "my" would be dependent on that fact. Likewise, his use of the word "this" and "now" communicate his properties, namely his location and point in time. ...more on Wikipedia about "Origo"
Performative utterances are speech acts which perform the action the sentence describes. For example: ...more on Wikipedia about "Performative utterance"
A perlocutionary act is any speech act that amounts to persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something. When examining perlocutionary acts, the effect in the hearer or reader is emphasized. Unlike illocutionary acts, which stress some linguistic performance, a perlocutionary act's effect is in some sense external to the performance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Perlocutionary act"
Pragmatics is concerned with bridging the explanatory gap between sentence meaning and speaker’s meaning. The study of how context influences the interpretation is then crucial. Pragmatics is a subdomain of general linguistics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pragmatics"
In pragmatics, a presupposition is an assumption about the world whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. Examples of presuppositions include: ...more on Wikipedia about "Presupposition"
Rational reconstruction is a philosophical and linguistic method that systematically translates intuitive knowledge of rules into a logical form (Habermas 1979). In other words, it is an approach to science and philosophy which attempts to put meanings into language properly. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rational reconstruction"
Relevance is term used to describe how pertinent, connected, or applicable some information is to a given matter. ...more on Wikipedia about "Relevance"
Relevance theory is a proposal by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson which tries to explain language usage in conversation and everyday speech in terms of the inferences that people make on the basis of what is spoken. The theory draws attention to the role of interpretive inferences in communication, which communicates to the hearer information that is left implicit. The core of the theory is the “Principle of Relevance” which states that any utterance addressed to someone automatically conveys the presumption of its own relevance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Relevance theory"
Speech can be described as an act of producing voice through the use of the vocal cords and vocal apparatus or other means, such as sign language, to create linguistic acts in the form of language that communicate information from an initiator to a recipient. ...more on Wikipedia about "Speech"
A speech act is best described as "in saying something, we do something," such as when a minister says, "I now pronounce you husband and wife," or an action performed by means of language, such as describing something ("It is snowing."), asking a question ("Is it snowing?"), making a request or order ("Could you pass the salt?", "Drop your weapon or I'll shoot you!"), or making a promise ("I promise I'll give it back."). Other common examples of speech acts include greeting, apologizing or insulting. ...more on Wikipedia about "Speech act"
The Meaning of Meaning subtitled A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923) was co-authored by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, Magdalene College, University of Cambridge. It is accompanied by the two supplementary essays by Bronislaw Malinowski and F. G. Crookshank. ...more on Wikipedia about "The Meaning of Meaning"
(Universal pragmatics) : This is the domain that Habermas is most interested in developing as a theory of communicative action. ...more on Wikipedia about "Universal pragmatics"
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