Quantum field theory Quantum field theory In theoretical physics, a 't Hooft operator is a complete counterpart of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential A is replaced by its electromagnetic dual Amag where the exterior derivative of A is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of Amag. ...more on Wikipedia about "'t Hooft operator"
((-1)^F) In a quantum field theory with fermions, (−1)F is a unitary, Hermitian, involutive operator which multiplies bosonic states by 1 and fermionic states by −1. This is always a global internal symmetry of any quantum field theory with fermions and corresponds to a rotation by 2π. This splits the Hilbert space into two superselection sectors. Bosonic operators commute with (−1)F whereas fermionic operators anticommute with it. ...more on Wikipedia about "(-1)^F"
In theoretical physics, a Nielsen-Olsen vortex is a point-like object localized in two spatial dimensions or, equivalently, a classical solution of field theory with the same property. This particular solution occurs if the configuration space of scalar fields contains non-contractible circles. A circle surrounding the vortex at infinity may be "wrapped" once on the other circle in the configuration space. A configuration with this non-trivial topological property is called the Nielsen-Olsen vortex. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortex"
Algebraic holography is a formulation of the AdS/CFT correspondence within the framework of algebraic quantum field theory. It apparently leads to a different conclusion from the standard formulations of the correspondence. ...more on Wikipedia about "Algebraic holography"
In quantum electrodynamics, anomalous magnetic moment of a particle is a contribution of effects of quantum mechanics, expressed by Feynman diagrams with loops, to the magnetic moment of that particle. (In the same fashion, an anomaly (physics) is a quantum, loop diagram violating a classical symmetry.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Anomalous magnetic moment"
In theoretical physics, namely quantum field theory, the anomalous scaling dimension of an operator is the contribution of quantum mechanics to the classical scaling dimension of that operator. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anomalous scaling dimension"
In physics, an anomaly is a classical symmetry — a symmetry of the Lagrangian — that is broken in quantum field theories. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anomaly (physics)"
Antimatter or contra-terrene matter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute normal matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come in contact with each other, the two annihilate and produce a burst of energy, which results in the production of other particles and antiparticles or electromagnetic radiation. In these reactions, rest mass is not conserved, although (as in any other reaction) energy ( E=mc²) is conserved. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antimatter"
In mathematics and physics, an anyon is a type of projective representation of a Lie group. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anyon"
In physics, asymptotic freedom is the property of some gauge theories in which the interaction between the particles, such as quarks, becomes arbitrarily weak at ever shorter distances, i.e. length scales that asymptotically converge to zero (or, equivalently, energy scales that become arbitrarily large). ...more on Wikipedia about "Asymptotic freedom"
In theoretical physics, background field method is a useful procedure to calculate the effective action of a quantum field theory by expanding a quantum field around a classical "background" value B: ...more on Wikipedia about "Background field method"
This means the theory approaches a conformal field theory, the Banks-Zaks fixed point. This is also called the conformal window. ...more on Wikipedia about "Banks-Zaks fixed point"
In theoretical physics, Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) formalism was developed as a method for determining the ghost structure for theories, such as gravity and supergravity, whose Hamiltonian formalism has constraints not related to a Lie algebra action. The formalism, based on a Lagrangian that contains both fields and "antifields", can be thought of as a very complicated generalization of the BRST formalism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism"
The BF model is a topological field theory, which when quantized, becomes a topological quantum field theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "BF model"
In theoretical physics, the Bogoliubov transformation, named for Nikolay Bogolyubov, is a unitary transformation from a unitary representation of some canonical commutation relation algebra or canonical anticommutation relation algebra into another unitary representation, induced by an isomorphism of the CCR/CAR algebra. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bogoliubov transformation"
The Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield bound is a series of inequalities for solutions of partial differential equations depending on the homotopy class of the solution at infinity. This set of inequalities is very useful for solving soliton equations. Often, by insisting that the bound be satisfied (called "saturated"), one can come up with a simpler set of partial differential equations to solve. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield bound"
In physics, the Born-Infeld theory is a nonlinear generalization of electromagnetism (see nonlinear electrodynamics). We will use the relativistic notation here as this theory is fully relativistic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Born-Infeld theory"
(Bose-Einstein statistics) :For other topics related to Einstein see Einstein (disambiguation). ...more on Wikipedia about "Bose-Einstein statistics"
The process of replacing fermions by bosons is called bosonization. Two complex fermions are written as functions of a boson ...more on Wikipedia about "Bosonization"
In physics, a bound state is a composite of two or more building blocks ( particles or bodies) that behaves as a single object. In quantum mechanics (where the number of particles is conserved), a bound state is a state in the Hilbert space that corresponds to two or more particles whose interaction energy is negative, and therefore these particles cannot be separated unless energy is spent. The energy spectrum of a bound state is discrete, unlike the continuous spectrum of isolated particles. (Actually, it is possible to have unstable bound states with a positive interaction energy provided that there is a "energy barrier" that has to be tunnelled through in order to decay. This is true for some radioactive nuclei.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Bound state"
In mathematics and theoretical physics, braid statistics is a generalization of the statistics of bosons and fermions based on the concept of braid group. ...more on Wikipedia about "Braid statistics" Tell your friends about http://www.shortopedia.com
In theoretical physics, the BRST formalism is a method of implementing first class constraints. The letters BRST stand for Becchi, Rouet, Stora, and (independently) Tyutin who discovered this formalism. It is a sophisticated method to deal with quantum physical theories with gauge invariance. For example, the BRST methods are often applied to gauge theory and quantized general relativity. ...more on Wikipedia about "BRST formalism"
In physics, C-symmetry means the symmetry of physical laws under a charge-conjugation transformation. Electromagnetism, gravity and the strong interaction all obey C-symmetry, but weak interactions violate C-symmetry maximally. (Some postulated extensions of the Standard Model, like left-right models, restore this symmetry.) ...more on Wikipedia about "C-symmetry"
In physics, the Callan-Symanzik equation is the renormalization relation that tells how the coupling constant changes with momentum in a quantum field theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "Callan-Symanzik equation"
In physics, canonical quantization is one of many procedures for quantizing a classical theory. Historically, this was the earliest method to be used to build quantum mechanics. When applied to a classical field theory it was initially called second quantization. This name has now fallen out of fashion. The word canonical refers actually to a certain structure of the classical theory (called the symplectic structure) which is preserved in the quantum theory. This was first emphasized by Paul Dirac, in his attempt to build quantum field theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "Canonical quantization"
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