Quantum optics Quantum optics Within a laser, the active laser medium (laser crystal) is the material that exhibits optical gain. This gain is generally generated by stimulated emission on electronic or molecular transitions to a lower energy state, starting from a higher energy state to which it had been previously stimulated by means of a pump source. ...more on Wikipedia about "Active laser medium"
In quantum mechanics a coherent state is a specific kind of quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator whose dynamics most closely resemble the oscillating behaviour of a classical harmonic oscillator system. It was the first example of quantum dynamics when Erwin Schrödinger derived it in 1926 while searching for solutions of the Schrödinger equation that satisfy the correspondence principle. The quantum harmonic oscillator and hence, the coherent state, arise in the quantum theory of a wide range of physical systems. For instance, a coherent state describes the oscillating motion of the particle in a quadratic potential well. In the quantum theory of light ( quantum electrodynamics) and other bosonic quantum field theories they were introduced by the work of Roy J. Glauber. Here the coherent state of a field describes an oscillating field, the closest quantum state to a classical sinusoidal wave such as a continuous laser wave. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coherent state"
In optics, correlation functions are used to characterize the statistical and coherence properties of an electromagnetic field. The degree of coherence is the normalized correlation of electric fields. In its simplest form, termed , it is useful for quantifying the coherence between two electric fields, as measured in an Michelson or other linear optical interferometer. The correlation between pairs of fields, , typically is used to find the statistical character of intensity fluctuations. It is also used to differentiate between states of light that require a quantum mechanical description (QED) and those for which classical fields are sufficient. ...more on Wikipedia about "Degree of coherence"
An intensity interferometer is the name given to devices that use the Hanbury-Brown and Twiss effect. In astronomy, the most common use of such an interferometer is to determine the apparent angular diameter of a radio source or star. If the distance to the object can then be determined by parallax or some other method, the physical diameter of the star can then be inferred. An example of an optical intensity interferometer is the Narrabri Stellar Intensity Interferometer. In quantum optics, some devices which take advantage of correlation and anti-correlation effects in beams of photons might be said to be intensity interferometers, although the term is usually reserved for observatories. ...more on Wikipedia about "Intensity interferometer"
In quantum mechanics, the Kuzyk Limit is the maximum value of the nonlinear-optical susceptibility allowed by quantum mechanics. The Kuzyk Sum Rules are quantum-mechanical equations that are extensions of the well known Thomas-Reich-Kuhn sum rules, generalized to include initial and final excited states but truncated to a finite number of states. The Kuzyk Gap, more often called the Kuzyk Quantum Gap, is the difference between the best molecules measured and the Kuzyk Limit. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kuzyk gap"
A LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is an optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Laser light is typically near- monochromatic, i.e. consisting of a single wavelength or hue, and emitted in a narrow beam. This is in contrast to common light sources, such as the incandescent light bulb, which emit incoherent photons in almost all directions, usually over a wide spectrum of wavelengths. ...more on Wikipedia about "Laser"
Quantum Electronics is an area of physics dealing with the effects of Quantum Mechanics on the behaviour of electrons in solid-state matter. ...more on Wikipedia about "Quantum electronics"
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Quantum optics is a field of research in physics, dealing with the application of quantum mechanics to phenomena involving light and its interactions with matter. ...more on Wikipedia about "Quantum optics"
The Rabi cycle is a term from the field of quantum optics. As such, it has recently also found applications in quantum computing. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rabi cycle"
Roy Jay Glauber (born 1 September 1925) is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. Born in New York City, he was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch. His groundbreaking research on optical coherence was published in 1963. The most famous contribution of Roy Glauber to physics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize, is the notion and mathematics behind coherent states. ...more on Wikipedia about "Roy J. Glauber"
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion is an important process in quantum optics. A nonlinear crystal splits incoming photons into pairs of photons of lower energy whose combined energy and momentum is equal to the energy and momentum of the original photon. "Parametric" refers to the fact that the state of the crystal is left unchanged in the process, which is why energy and momentum are conserved (this is related to phasematching in nonlinear optics). The process is spontaneous in the same sense as spontaneous emission, it is stimulated by random vacuum fluctuations. Consequently, the photon pairs are created at random times. However, if one of the pair (the "signal") is detected at any time then we know its partner (the "idler") is present. This then allows for the creation of optical fields containing a single photon. As of 2005, this is predominant mechanism for experimentalists to create single photons (also known as Fock states). The single photons as well as the photon pairs are often used in quantum information experiments and applications like quantum cryptography and the Bell test experiments. ...more on Wikipedia about "Spontaneous parametric down conversion"
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