Radioactivity Radioactivity The 5 yen coin is one denomination of Japanese yen. ...more on Wikipedia about "5 yen coin"
Alpha decay is a form of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus ejects an alpha particle and transforms into a nucleus with mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alpha decay"
Alpha particles (named after the first letter in the greek alphabet, α) are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation which have low penetration. They consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus; hence, it can be written as He2+. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alpha particle"
Background radiation is the ionizing radiation from several natural radiation sources: sources in the Earth and from those sources that are incorporated in our food and water, which are incorporated in our body, and in building materials and other products that incorporate those radioactive sources; radiation sources from space (in the form of cosmic rays); and sources in the atmosphere which primarily come from both the radon gas that is released from the earth's surface and subsequently decays to radioactive atoms that become attached to airborne dust and particulates, and the production of radioactive atoms from the bombardment of atoms in the upper atmosphere by high-energy cosmic rays. Since 1945, until the cessation of above-ground nuclear weapons tests, it also comes from low levels of global radioactive contamination due to nuclear testing. ...more on Wikipedia about "Background radiation"
The becquerel (symbol Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity, defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. It is therefore equivalent to s-1. The older unit of radioactivity was the curie (Ci), defined as 3.7 becquerels or 37 GBq. ...more on Wikipedia about "Becquerel"
In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. In the case of electron emission, it is referred to as "beta minus" (β−), while in the case of a positron emission as "beta plus" (β+). ...more on Wikipedia about "Beta decay"
Beta particles are high-energy electrons or positrons emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40. The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation also known as beta rays. The production of beta particles is termed beta decay. They are designated by the Greek letter beta (β). ...more on Wikipedia about "Beta particle" It's my http://www.shortopedia.com! Radioactivity
The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of ionizing radiation. In its most basic form, a cloud chamber is a sealed environment containing a supercooled, supersaturated water vapour. When an alpha particle or beta particle interacts with the mixture, it ionises it. The resulting ions act as condensation nuclei, around which a mist will form (because the mixture is on the point of condensation). The high energies of alpha and beta particles mean that a trail is left, due to many ions being produced along the path of the charged particle. These tracks have distinctive shapes (for example an alpha particle's track is broad and straight, while an electron's is thinner and shows more evidence of deflection). For more detailed track shape information see bubble chamber. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cloud chamber"
Cluster decay is the nuclear process in which a radioactive atom emits a cluster of neutrons and protons. While this term technically includes alpha decay, they are usually kept separate because the latter is much more common. Cluster decay only occurs a small percentage of the time in all cases. It also is limited to the heavy atoms which have the energy to expel a portion of its nucleus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cluster decay"
A conversion electron is an electron which results from interactions with metastable atomic nuclei, which results from radioactive decay processes. A metastable nucleus can transfer its energy to an electron that has a certain probability of being in the nucleus. If this happens, the electron becomes a free electron with a kinetic energy equal to the energy of the metastable state minus the binding energy of the electron. This electron is called a conversion electron. Because of its proximity to the nucleus, the conversion electron usually comes from the K shell. The hole in the electron shell is filled by electrons from other shells thus producing a characteristic X-ray peak. The x-ray may then reproduce the effect and cause the emission of an Auger electron. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conversion electron"
Supercritical redirects here; for supercritical fluid, see Supercritical fluid. ...more on Wikipedia about "Critical mass"
A criticality accident (also sometimes referred to as an "excursion" or "power excursion") occurs when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material, such as enriched uranium or plutonium. This releases neutron radiation which is highly dangerous to surrounding personnel and which causes induced radioactivity in the surroundings. ...more on Wikipedia about "Criticality accident"
The curie (symbol Ci) is a former unit of radioactivity, defined as 3.7×1010 decays per second. This is roughly the activity of 1 gram of the radium isotope 226Ra, a substance studied by the pioneers of radiology, Marie and Pierre Curie (the unit is named after Pierre Curie). The curie has been replaced by an SI derived unit, the becquerel (Bq), which equates to one decay per second. Therefore 1 curie is 37 gigabecquerels (GBq) exactly and 1 Bq = 2.7027×10-11 Ci (for greater accuracy, the "027" is a repeating decimal). ...more on Wikipedia about "Curie"
Nearly all the decay products of radioactive decay are themselves radioactive. Because of this, most radioactive substances do not decay directly to a stable state, but rather undergo a series of decays until eventually a stable isotope is reached. Such series are known as decay chains. ...more on Wikipedia about "Decay chain" Are you ready for shortopedia? Radioactivity
Delayed nuclear radiation can occur in a nuclear decay. It happens when an isotope decays into a very short-lived isotope and then decays again to a relatively long-lived isotope. The short-lived isotope is usually a meta-stable nuclear isomer. ...more on Wikipedia about "Delayed nuclear radiation"
The term delta ray has these meanings:- ...more on Wikipedia about "Delta ray"
A dose calibrator (radioisotope calibrator) is a device used in radiological research that measures the total energy of a radionuclide in units of Curies (Ci) or millicuries (mCi). It consists of a hollow, lead shielded cylinder, in which samples of radionuclides are lowered for measurement. It can be programmed for 8 specific isotopes, or adjusted by dial for isotopes not in the program. It is commonly used to obtain quick measures of the total radioactivity of isotopes prior to administration to patients and animals, or further processing in chemical synthesis. A typical unit is the "CRC-10" model, produced by Capintec. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dose calibrator"
In the process of beta decay unstable nuclei decay by converting a neutron in the nucleus to a proton and emitting an electron and anti-neutrino. In order for beta decay to be possible the final nucleus must have a larger binding energy than the original nucleus. For some nuclei, such as germanium-76 the nuclei with atomic number one higher has a smaller binding energy, preventing beta decay from occurring. In the case of germanium-76 the nuclei with atomic number two higher, selenium-76 has a larger binding energy, so the "double beta decay" process is allowed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Double beta decay"
Double electron capture is a decay mode of atomic nucleus. For a nuclide (A, Z) with number of nucleons A and atomic number Z, double electron capture has to occur when the mass of the nuclide of (A, Z-2) is lower. ...more on Wikipedia about "Double electron capture"
Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isn't enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron emission. If the energy difference between the parent atom and the daughter one is less than 1.022 MeV, positron emission is forbidden and electron capture is the sole decay mode. For example, Rubidium-83 will decay to Krypton-83 solely by electron capture (the energy difference is about 0.9 MeV). ...more on Wikipedia about "Electron capture"
A fallout shelter is a civil defense measure intended to reduce casualties in a nuclear war. Nuclear fallout is radioactive dust created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The explosion vaporizes any material within the fireball, including the ground if it is nearby. Much of this material is exposed to neutrons from the explosion, absorbs them, and becomes radioactive. When this material condenses in the cloud, it forms dust and light sandy material that resembles ground pumice. The fallout emits gamma rays. Much of this highly radioactive material then falls to earth, subjecting anything within the line of sight to gamma radiation, a significant hazard. A fallout shelter is designed to allow its occupants to avoid exposure to harmful fallout until radioactivity has lowered to a safer level. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fallout shelter"
Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie né Joliot ( March 19, 1900 – August 14, 1958) was a French physicist and Nobel laureate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Frédéric Joliot-Curie"
Gamma rays (often denoted by the Greek letter gamma, γ) are an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactive decay or other nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gamma ray"
The half-life of a quantity subject to exponential decay is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. The concept occurs most often in physics, to measure the radioactive decay of substances, but it also occurs in many other fields. ...more on Wikipedia about "Half-life"
Antoine Henri Becquerel ( December 15, 1852 – August 25, 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Henri Becquerel" Go crack a shortopedia!
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