Radiobiology Radiobiology Absorbed dose is a measure of the energy deposited in a medium by ionising radiation. It is equal to the energy deposited per unit mass of medium, and so has the unit J/kg, which is given the special name gray (Gy). ...more on Wikipedia about "Absorbed dose"
ALARA is an acronym for an important principle in radiation protection and stands for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable". The aim is to minimize the risk of radioactive exposure. ...more on Wikipedia about "ALARA"
An autoradiograph is an image produced on a photographic film by the radiation from a radioactive substance. In this technique, a compound (such as a metabolite or DNA) is radiolabeled by a substance that emits either beta radiation or gamma rays. A photographic film is then placed directly on the labelled tissue. This contrasts to techniques such as PET and SPECT where the exact localization of the radiation source is provided by careful use of collimators and other devices. ...more on Wikipedia about "Autoradiograph"
Beam's Eye View (or BEV) is an imaging technique used in Radiation therapy for the quality assurance and planning of External Beam Radiation Therapy treatments. These are primarily used to ensure that the relative orientation of the patient and the treatment machine are correct. The BEV image will typically contain the images of the patient's anatomy and the beam modifiers (such as jaws or Multi-Leaf Collimators (or MLC). ...more on Wikipedia about "Beam's eye view"
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an experimental form of radiosurgery that utilizes a neutron beam that interacts with boron injected to a patient. BNCT depends on the interaction of slow neutrons with boron-10 to produce alpha particles, another type of radiation. Patients are first given an intravenous injection of a boron-10 tagged chemical that preferentially binds tumor cells. The neutrons are created either in a nuclear reactor or by colliding high-energy protons into a Lithium target. The neutrons pass through a moderator, which shapes the neutron energy spectrum suitable for BNCT treatment. Before entering the patient the neutron beam is shaped by a beam collimator. While passing through the tissue of the patient, the neutrons are slowed by collisions and become low energy thermal neutrons. The thermal neutrons undergo reaction with the boron-10 nuclei, forming an unstable boron-11 nucleus which then undergoes spontaneous decay to lithium-7 and an alpha particle. Both the alpha particle and the lithium ion produce closely spaced ionizations in the immediate vicinity of the reaction, with a range of approximately 10 micrometres, or one cell diameter. This technique is advantageous since the radiation damage occurs over a short range and thus normal tissues can be spared. Also, there are two mechanisms for tumor selectivity, since both the boron compound is made to bind to tumor cells and the neutron beam is aimed at the location of the tumor. BNCT has been experimentaly tested primarily as an alternative treatment for malignant brain tumors called glioblastomas. Although there are reports of some successful outcomes, this approach has not yet been shown to be superior to other current therapies. Hence, BNCT has not entered routine clinical use. ...more on Wikipedia about "BNCT"
Body burden is the amount of a harmful substance that is permanently present in a person's body. It is usually expressed in mass units, such as grams and milligrams. The substance may be radioactive or it might be chemically toxic. Many harmful substances can be eliminated naturally by the human body, but some are removed very slowly or not at all. Water soluble molecules are usually easy to remove. Non-polar molecules, on the other hand, are lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat tissue, which is also non-polar. Large fragments, such as shrapnel, are also difficult for the body to remove. ...more on Wikipedia about "Body burden"
Dosimetry is the measurement of doses in matter and tissue from ionizing radiation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dosimetry"
Effective dose is a measure used in radiation protection to estimate the risk resulting from an exposure of ionizing radiation. Effective dose n is the amount of radiation required to produce a certain effect in n% of a population. Effective dose equivalent is used to compare radiation doses on different body parts on an equivalent basis because radiation does not affect different parts in the same way. The effective dose (H) to an individual is found by calculating a weighted average of the equivalent dose (E) to different body tissues, with the weighting factors (W) designed to reflect the different radiosensitivities of the tissues: ...more on Wikipedia about "Effective dose"
:Electromagnetic radiation hazards (RADHAZ or EMR hazards): Hazards caused by a transmitter/antenna installation that generates electromagnetic radiation in the vicinity of ordnance, personnel, or fueling operations in excess of established safe levels or increases the existing levels to a hazardous level; or a personnel, fueling, or ordnance installation located in an area that is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation at a level that is hazardous to the planned operations or occupancy. These hazards will exist when an electromagnetic field of sufficient intensity is generated to: (a) induce or otherwise couple currents and/or voltages of magnitudes large enough to initiate electroexplosive devices or other sensitive explosive components of weapon systems, ordnance, or explosive devices; (b) cause harmful or injurious effects to humans and wildlife; (c) create sparks having sufficient magnitude to ignite flammable mixtures of materials that must be handled in the affected area. ...more on Wikipedia about "Electromagnetic radiation hazard"
The equivalent dose (HT) is a measure of the radiation dose to tissue where an attempt has been made to allow for the different relative biological effect of different types of ionizing radiation. Equivalent dose is therefore a less fundamental quantity than radiation absorbed dose, but is more biologically significant. Equivalent dose has units of sieverts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Equivalent dose"
A fallout shelter is a civil defense measure intended to reduce casualties in a nuclear war. Nuclear fallout is radioactive dust created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The explosion vaporizes any material within the fireball, including the ground if it is nearby. Much of this material is exposed to neutrons from the explosion, absorbs them, and becomes radioactive. When this material condenses in the cloud, it forms dust and light sandy material that resembles ground pumice. The fallout emits gamma rays. Much of this highly radioactive material then falls to earth, subjecting anything within the line of sight to gamma radiation, a significant hazard. A fallout shelter is designed to allow its occupants to avoid exposure to harmful fallout until radioactivity has lowered to a safer level. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fallout shelter"
In toxicology, hormesis is a dose response phenomenon characterized by a low dose stimulation, high dose inhibition, resulting in either a J-shaped or an inverted U-shaped dose response. A pollutant or toxin showing hormesis thus has the opposite effect in small doses than in large doses. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hormesis"
Since the discovery of ionizing radiation, a number of human radiation experiments have been performed to understand the effects of ionizing radiation and radioactive contamination on the human body. Early pioneers did not appreciate the danger of such experiments and quite casually exposed experimenters and subjects to such radiation. In recent years, the danger is well-understood and experiments are carefully designed with close attention to medical ethics and safety for everyone involved. However, there have been a number of experiments that may constitue unethical human experimentation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Human radiation experiments"
Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is the science of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of both particle radiation and ionizing radiation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ionising Radiation Protection" Things Go Better with shortopedia. shortopedia
Ionizing radiation is a type of particle radiation in which an individual particle (for example, a photon, electron, or helium nucleus) carries enough energy to ionize an atom or molecule (that is, to completely remove an electron from its orbit). If the individual particles do not carry this amount of energy, it is essentially impossible for even a large flood of particles to cause ionization. These ionizations, if enough occur, can be very destructive to living tissue. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ionizing radiation"
Irradiation is the process by which an item is exposed to radiation. In common usage the term refers specifically to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will be destructive to life, rather than simply exposure to normal levels of radiation, or background radiation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Irradiation"
Description: Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, commonly known as Gray's Anatomy, is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. The book was first published under the title Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical in Great Britain in 1858, and the following year in the United States. The book's British author died after the publication of the 1860 second edition, at the age of 34, but his much-praised book was continued by others and on November 24, 2004, the 39th British edition was released. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of publications in biology"
Mobile phone radiation and health concerns have been raised following the enormous increase in the use of wireless mobile telephony throughout the world (as of August 2005, there were more than 2 billion users worldwide). This is because mobile phones use electromagnetic waves in the microwave range. These concerns have induced a large body of research (both epidemiological and experimental, in animals as well as in humans). Concerns about effects on health have also been raised regarding other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mobile phone radiation and health"
A multileaf collimator (also known as an MLC) is device used in Radiotherapy for defining the shape of a treatment field. ...more on Wikipedia about "Multileaf collimator"
Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a nuclear explosion and is named from the fact that it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust created when a nuclear weapon explodes. This radioactive dust, consisting of hot particles, is a kind of radioactive contamination. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nuclear fallout"
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine and medical imaging that uses unsealed radioactive substances in diagnosis and therapy. These substances consist of radionuclides, or pharmaceuticals that have been labelled with radionuclides ( radiopharmaceuticals). In diagnosis, radioactive substances are administered to patients and the radiation emitted is measured. The majority of these diagnostic tests involve the formation of an image using a gamma camera. Imaging may also be referred to as radionuclide imaging or nuclear scintigraphy. Other diagnostic tests use probes to acquire measurements from parts of the body, or counters for the measurement of samples taken from the patient. In therapy, radionuclides are administered to treat disease or provide palliative pain relief. For example, administration of iodine-131 is often used for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nuclear medicine"
The Petkau effect is an early counterexample to linear-effect assumptions usually made about radiation exposure. It was found by Dr. Abram Petkau at the Atomic Energy of Canada Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, Manitoba and published in Health Physics March 1972. ...more on Wikipedia about "Petkau effect"
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...more on Wikipedia about "Positron emission tomography"
Potassium iodide is a white crystalline salt with chemical formula , used in photography and radiation treatment. It finds widespread application as an iodide source because it is less hygroscopic than sodium iodide, making it easier to work with. KI can turn yellow upon heating in air or upon standing in moist air for long periods, because of oxidation of the iodide to iodine. ...more on Wikipedia about "Potassium iodide"
A radiation burn is damage to the skin or other biological tissue caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. The most common type of radiation burn is a sun burn caused by UV light. High exposure to x rays during diagnostic medical imaging or radiotherapy have also resulted in radiation burns. As the ionizing radiation interacts with cells within the body, damaging them, the body responds to this damage, typically resulting in erythema, redness around the damaged area. Radiation burns are often associated with cancer due to the ability of ionizing radiation to interact and damage DNA, occasionally inducing a cell to become cancerous. ...more on Wikipedia about "Radiation burn" shortopedia rocks.
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