Roman Empire Roman Empire Aerarii (from Lat. aes, in its subsidiary sense of "poll-tax") was a class of Roman citizens not included in the thirty tribes of Servius Tullius, and subject to a poll-tax arbitrarily fixed by the censor. They were ...more on Wikipedia about "Aerarii"
Aerarium (from Latin "aes", in its derived sense of "money") was the name (in full, "aerarium stabulum" - treasure-house) given in Ancient Rome to the public treasury, and in a secondary sense to the public finances. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aerarium"
The agentes in rebus were the Roman imperial courier service that replaced the unpopular frumentarii, sometime during the late 3rd century A.D. under Emperor Diocletian, or perhaps around the year 319 A.D. As a result of the reforms of Diocletian, the frumentarii were disbanded; their sinister reputation had ended their usefulness. But the central imperial administration still needed couriers, and agentes in rebus filled this task prefectly. Originally they acted as the dispatch carriers for the Roman Empire, but eventually assumed a variety of duties. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agentes in rebus"
Alexander the Paphlagonian, a celebrated impostor and worker of false oracles, was born at Abonouteichos in Paphlagonia in the early part of the 2nd century A.D. The vivid narrative of his career given by Lucian might be taken as fictitious but for the corroboration of certain coins of the emperors Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius (J.H. Eckhel, Doctrma Nummorum veterum, ii. pp. 383, 384) and of a statue of Alexander, said by Athenagoras (Apology, c. 26) to have stood in the forum of Parium. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alexander the Paphlagonian"
The Antonine Plague AD 165- 180, also known as the Plague of Galen, was an ancient pandemic, either of smallpox or measles brought back to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the Near East. The epidemic claimed the lives of two Roman emperors — Lucius Verus, who died in 169, and his co-regent who ruled until 180, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, whose family name, Antoninus, was given to the epidemic. The disease broke out again nine years later, according to the Roman historian Dio Cassius, and caused up to 2,000 deaths a day at Rome, one quarter of those infected. Total deaths have been estimated at five million. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antonine Plague"
Flavius Arbogastes (d. September 6, AD 394) known as 'Arbogast' was of Frankish origin and the son of Flavius Bauto, Valentinian II's former magister militum and protector before Arbogast. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arbogast (general)"
Augustus (plural augusti) is Latin for "majestic" or "venerable". The feminine form is Augusta. ...more on Wikipedia about "Augustus (honorific)"
Byzantine Empire ( Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. In certain specific contexts, usually referring to the time before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it is also often referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire. There is no consensus on the starting date of the Byzantine period. Some place it during the reign of Diocletian ( 284– 305) due to the administrative reforms he introduced, dividing the empire into a pars Orientis and a pars Occidentis. Others place it during the reign of Theodosius I ( 379– 395) and Christendom's victory over paganism, or, following his death in 395, with the division of the empire into western and eastern halves. Others place it yet further in 476, when the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was forced to abdicate, thus leaving sole imperial authority to the emperor in the Greek East. In any case, the changeover was gradual and by 330, when Constantine I inaugurated his new capital, the process of further Hellenization and increasing Christianization was already underway. ...more on Wikipedia about "Byzantine Empire"
The cataphract ( Greek κατάφρακτος) was a type of heavy cavalryman used primarily in eastern and southeastern Europe, in Anatolia and Iran from late antiquity up through the High Middle Ages. Nations deploying cataphracts at some time in their history included the Sarmatians, Parthians, Sassanid Persians, Armenians, Pergamenes, Romans, Byzantines and others. The Romans and Byzantines adopted this type of unit from Eastern parts of the Roman Empire (Nikonorov 1985a) and from the Sarmatians (Tacitus, Histories i. 79). Cataphracti are shown on Trajan's column. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cataphract"
The Circus of Nero in ancient Rome is often confused with the older and larger Circus Maximus. The Circus begun by Caligula and finished by Nero was the site of the first organized, state-sponsored martyrdoms of Christians in AD 65. Two years later, Saint Peter among many less famous Christians shared their fate. The circumstances were described in detail by Tacitus in a well-known passage of the Annals, (xv.45), while Nero competed in the races. ...more on Wikipedia about "Circus of Nero"
Cohors amicorum is an authential Latin term, literally meaning "cohort of friends". The notion cohort is to be taken not in the strict, military sense, but indiceted a fairly large number; accordingly, friend is to be taken is a loose sense, rather as in amicus curiae. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cohors amicorum"
(Cohortes urbanae) The urban cohorts of ancient Rome were created to counterbalance the enormous power of the praetorian guard in the city of Rome. Their primary role was to police the city of Rome from the roaming mobs and gangs that so often haunted its streets. Very occasionally they would take to the field of battle, but in the army they really had no more than an honorary role. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cohortes urbanae"
Comes ( genitive: comitis) is the Latin word for companion, either individually or as a member of a collective known as comitatus (compare comitatenses), especially the suite of a magnate, in some cases large and/or formal enough to have a specific name, such as a cohors amicorum. The word comes derives from com- "with" + ire "go." ...more on Wikipedia about "Comes"
Comitatenses is the Latin plural of comitatensis, originally the adjective derived from comitatus ('company, party, suite'; in this military context it came to the novel meaning of 'the field army'), itself rooting in Comes ('companion', but hence specific historical meanings, military and civilian). ...more on Wikipedia about "Comitatenses"
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The name Congiarium was originally given to gifts of oil, wine or other goods distributed to the general populace by public officials. During the Roman Empire it became the custom for rulers to make most gifts in money upon the occasion of a great victory, an imperial birthday or some other public celebration. ...more on Wikipedia about "Congiarium"
Consortium imperii is a Latin term dating from the Roman dominate, denoting the sharing of imperial authority between two or more emperors, hence designated as consors imperii, i.e. "partner in (exercizing) imperium" - either as formal equals or in subordination (the junior is then often the senior's designated heir -not necessarily the natural one- and successor). The puprose can be either to share to burden of government end/or to ensure smooth succession, as rivalry on these mments was a major achilles heal of the stability required for the pax romana to pay off optimally. ...more on Wikipedia about "Consortium imperii"
A Corrector is one who he who practices correction, usually by removing or rectifying errors. The word is derived from the Latin title correctōr, from verb corrigěre, meaning "an action to rectify, to make right a wrong." ...more on Wikipedia about "Corrector"
Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" ) is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by the three simultaneous crises of external invasion, internal civil war and economic collapse. The changes in the institutions, society, economic life and eventually religion were so profound and fundamental, the "Crisis of the Third Century" is increasingly seen as the watershed marking the difference between the classical world and the early medieval world, or world of late antiquity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crisis of the Third Century"
Flavius Julius Crispus, also known as Flavius Claudius Crispus and Flavius Valerius Crispus was a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was the first-born son of Constantine I the Great by Minervina. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crispus"
Cursus publicus was the courier service of the Roman Empire. It was created by Emperor Augustus to transport messages, officials, and tax revenues from one province to another. A series of forts and stations were spread out along the major road systems connecting the regions of the Roman world. These relay points (or stationes) provided horses to dispatch riders, usually soldiers, and vehicles for magistrates or officers of the court. The vehicles were called calbulae, but little is known of them. A 'diploma' or certificate issued by the emperor himself was necessary to use the roads. Abuses of the system existed, for governors and minor appointees used the diplomata to give themselves and their families free transport. Forgeries and stolen diplomata were also used. Pliny and Trajan write about the necessity of those who wish to send things via the imperial post to keep up-to-date licenses. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cursus publicus"
Damnatio memoriae ( Latin for "damnation of memory", in the sense of removed from the remembrance) was a form of dishonor that could be passed by the Roman Senate upon traitors or others who brought discredit to the Roman Empire. The sense of the expression and of the sanction is to cancel every trace of the person from the life of Rome, as if he had never existed, in order to preserve the honour of the Urbs; in a town that stressed the social appearance and respectability (and the pride of being a civis romanus) as a fundamental requirement of the citizen, it was perhaps the severest punishment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Damnatio memoriae"
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Fall of the Roman Empire is a historical term of periodization which describes the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The term was first used and coined by Edward Gibbon in the 18th century in his famous book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, but he was not the first, and not the last, to speculate on why and when the Empire collapsed. It remains one of the greatest historical questions, and has a tradition rich in scholarly interest. In 1984, German Professor Alexander Demandt published a collection of 210 theories on why Rome fell. ...more on Wikipedia about "Decline of the Roman Empire"
(Derogatory use of "Byzantine") # Steven Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign, p.9. University Press (Cambridge), 1990. ...more on Wikipedia about "Derogatory use of "Byzantine""
The Dominate was the 'despotic' last of the two phases of government in the ancient Roman Empire between its establishment in 27 BC and the formal date of the collapse of the Western Empire in AD 476. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dominate"
Dominus means lord in Latin. It was the name that Diocletian called the emperors of both the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire, after he split it in two. He claimed that he was a direct descendant of god. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dominus (word)"
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