Roman Republic Roman Republic The Conflict of the Orders, also referred to as "the Struggle of the Orders," was a political struggle between the plebeians (plebs) and patricians (patricii) of the ancient Roman Republic, in which the plebeians sought political equality and achieved it in 287 BC, after two centuries of strife. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conflict of the Orders"
De re publica is a dialogue by Cicero, written in six books between 54 and 51 BC. It is written in the format of a Socratic dialogue; that is to say, Scipio Africanus Minor (who had died a few decades before Cicero was born) takes the role of a wise old man — an obligatory part for the genre. The dialogue is imagined as taking place between Romans, several centuries after Socrates' death. Cicero's treatise was politically controversial — by choosing the format of a philosophical dialogue, Cicero avoided naming his political adversaries directly. Cicero employed various speakers to raise differing opinions in an attempt to make it more difficult for these adversaries to take him to task on what he had written. ...more on Wikipedia about "De re publica"
Decemviri (singular decemvir) is a Latin term meaning "Ten Men" which designates any such commission in the Roman Republic (cf. Triumviri, Three Men). Different types of decemvirate include the writing of laws with consular imperium (legibus scribundis consulari imperio), the judging of litigation (stlitibus iudicandis), the making of sacrifices (sacris faciundis), and the distribution of public lands (agris dandis adsignandis). ...more on Wikipedia about "Decemviri"
The First Triumvirate is the name historians give to the unofficial political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). Unlike the somewhat less famous " Second Triumvirate", the First Triumvirate had no official status whatsoever – its overwhelming power in the Roman state was strictly unofficial influence – and was in fact kept secret for some time as part of the political machinations of the Triumviri themselves. ...more on Wikipedia about "First Triumvirate"
Gaius Norbanus surnamed Bulbus (or Balbus), Roman politician, was a seditious and turbulent democrat. In 103 BC, when tribune of the people, he accused Quintus Servilius Caepio the Elder of having brought about the defeat of his army by the Cimbri through rashness, and also of having plundered the temple of Tolosa. Caepio was condemned and went into exile. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gaius Norbanus"
Gnaeus Egnatius was a proconsul during the Roman Republic. He built the eponymous Via Egnatia which was begun in 146 BCE and completed in 120 BCE. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gnaeus Egnatius"
Gaius Julius Caesar ( Classical Latin: IMP•C•IVLIVS•CÆSAR•DIVVS ) ( July 12 or 13, 100 BCE – March 15, 44 BCE) was a Roman military and political leader. He played an important part in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, with the first Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BCE. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest military geniuses of all time, as well as a brilliant politician and one of the ancient world's strongest leaders. In 42 BCE, after his death, the Roman Senate officially proclaimed him as one of the Roman gods. ...more on Wikipedia about "Julius Caesar"
Lex Licinia Sextia was a Roman law passed in 367 BCE and took effect in 366 BCE. It resumed the consulship, reserved one of the two consul positions for a plebeian, and introduced new limits on the possession of conquered land. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lex Licinia Sextia"
Magistratus ordinarii (ordinary magistrates) and Magistrarus extraordinarii (extraordinary magistrates) were two categories of officials who held political, military, and, in some cases, religious power in the Roman Republic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magistratus"
Marcus Tullius Decula was a consul of the Roman Republic in 81 BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marcus Tullius Decula"
The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Master of the Horse"
Pro Caelio is one of the most famous surviving speeches by the Roman orator, Cicero. It is Cicero's defence, delivered on April 4, 56 BC, of Marcus Caelius Rufus on a number of obscure charges, including sedition, theft, the murder of the Alexandrian diplomat Dio, and the purchasing and use of poison against Clodia. Of these the primary charge is that of political violence, the murder of Dio. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pro Caelio"
The Roman Republic ( Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) vested formal governmental powers in four separate people's assemblies — the Comitia Curiata, the Comitia Centuriata, the Comitia Tributa, and the Concilium Plebis. The Latin Comitia is sometimes rendered in English as Comices. ...more on Wikipedia about "Roman assemblies"
Dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Roman dictator"
For centuries the monetary affairs of the Roman Republic had rested in the hands of the Senate, which was steady and fiscally conservative. The aerarium (state treasury) was supervised by members of the government rising in power and prestige, the Quaestors, Praetors, and eventually the prefects. With the dawn of the Roman Empire, a major change took place, as the emperors assumed the reins of financial control. Augustus initially adopted a system that was, on the surface, fair to the senate. Just as the world was divided in provinces designated as imperial or senatorial, so was the treasury. All tribute brought in from senatorially controlled provinces was given to the aerarium, while that of the imperial territories went to the treasury of the emperor, the fiscus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Roman finance"
The Roman Republic ( Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) was the republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until its subversion into the Roman Empire. The precise date in which the republic changed into the Roman Empire is disputed, sometimes placed at 44 BC, the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator, or 2 September 31 BC, date of the Battle of Actium. On 16 January 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus" and this is the most commonly accepted date. ...more on Wikipedia about "Roman Republic"
There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. They were: ...more on Wikipedia about "Roman Republican civil wars"
The values were clearly marked with I on the as, S on the semis, and dots indicating the number of unciae on the smaller denominations. These issues are known as aes grave (heavy bronze) by numismatists. Stylistically the coins, due to being cast rather than struck, were distinctly Roman and utilitarian. In addition to the as and its fractions, multiples such as the dupondius (II) and tressis (III) were also produced. The weight of the aes grave decreased in a series of reductions. Starting on the libral standard (roughly 330 grams), the weight was reduced to semi-libral standard (roughly 170 grams) by the 220s BC, and further reduced to a reduced semi-libral standard of about 88 grams not long after. By the time of the semi-libral standard, the smaller denominations such as the uncia and semuncia were struck rather than cast. ...more on Wikipedia about "Roman Republican coinage"
The Second Triumvirate is the name historians give to the official political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian", later "Caesar Augustus"), Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony. Unlike the somewhat more famous " First Triumvirate", the Second Triumvirate was an official (if extraconstitutional) organisation, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction whose imperium maius outranked that of all other magistrates, including the consuls. ...more on Wikipedia about "Second Triumvirate"
A Senatus consultum ultimum ("Ultimate decree of the Senate"), or more properly, senatus consultum de re publica defendenda ("Decree of the Senate on defending the Republic") was a decree of the Roman Senate during the late Roman Republic passed in times of emergency. The form was usually consules darent operam ne quid detrimenti respublica caperet (let the consuls see to it that the state takes no harm). It was adopted after the end of the Second Punic War as a replacement for the dictatorship, essentially giving the magistrates semi-dictatorial powers to preserve the State. ...more on Wikipedia about "Senatus consultum ultimum"
Titus Labienus (c. 100 BC - March 17, 45 BC) was the most important member of a Roman family said (without authority) to belong to the gens Atia. He is remembered as one of Caesar's lieutenants, mentioned frequently in the accounts of his military campaigns. ...more on Wikipedia about "Titus Labienus"
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