Sexual orientation and science Sexual orientation and science Biology and sexual orientation is the concept in industrialized societies that there is, at least in part, a biological basis for sexual orientation. An increasing number of studies have investigated this link, but no scientific consensus exists as to the specific biological factors that may play a role, nor to the precise nature of their influence on sexual orientation. Causal areas these studies have examined include morphological brain structure, prenatal environment, chromosomes, and viral genetic influence. Methodologically, some studies have used twins as controls. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biology and sexual orientation"
Chandler Burr (born December 30, 1963) is an American journalist and author, best known for his science writing. Burr achieved critical success with The Emperor of Scent (2003), a book-length account of a renegade scientist's efforts to decode the sense of smell. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chandler Burr"
Not all people who believe that homosexual behavior is wrong believe that (for example) a homosexual orientation is a choice. (If something is not a choice, then it usually cannot be right or wrong, it just exists). This often leads to the conclusion that people who are non-heterosexuals should be treated with respect or compassion, but that they should be discouraged from acting on their "immoral" and spontaneous erotic desires. ...more on Wikipedia about "Choice and sexual orientation"
* Sexual behavior - The gender of the people one has committed sex acts with. ...more on Wikipedia about "Demographics of sexual orientation"
Evelyn Hooker ( September 2, 1907 - November 18, 1996), United States psychologist most notable for her 1957 paper The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual in which she administered psychological tests to groups of homosexual and heterosexual people and asked experts, based on those tests alone, to select the homosexuals. The experiment, which other researchers subsequently repeated, demonstrates that homosexuals are no worse adjusted than the general population, and therefore being in their right minds would not, given an option, have chosen homosexuality over the more socially acceptable heterosexuality. ...more on Wikipedia about "Evelyn Hooker"
A freemartin is a female bovine with a masculinized behavior and non-functioning ovaries. Genetically, the cow is female, but it is sterilized in utero by hormones from a male twin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Freemartin"
The relationship between homosexuality and medical science has a long and controversial history, covering many countries and stretching across a wide spectrum of specialities, from psychology to epistemology to genetics. This article seeks to provide a brief summary of this history and a deal with some of the issues regarding homosexuality and medical science. ...more on Wikipedia about "Homosexuality and medical science"
Homosexuality and psychology have a closely intertwined history. Since its inception, psychology has dealt with the issue of homosexuality and sexual orientation. This article seeks to give a broad description of this history and covers some of the current issues. ...more on Wikipedia about "Homosexuality and psychology"
Innate bisexuality (or predisposition to bisexuality) is a term introduced by Sigmund Freud (based on work by his associate Wilhelm Fliess), that expounds all humans are born bisexual but through psychological development become monosexual while the bisexuality remains in a latent state. ...more on Wikipedia about "Innate bisexuality"
* Steven Joyce & Alvin M. Schrader (1999), "Twenty Years of the Journal of Homosexuality: A Bibliometric Examination of the First 24 Volumes, 1974-1993". Journal of Homosexuality, Vol.37, No.1. ...more on Wikipedia about "Journal of Homosexuality"
The Kinsey Reports are two books on human sexual behavior, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy and others. Kinsey was a zoologist at the Indiana University at Bloomington and the founder of the Institute for Sex Research. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kinsey Reports"
Latent homosexuality is an erotic inclination toward members of the same sex which is not consciously experienced or expressed in overt action. This may mean a hidden inclination or potential for interest in homosexual relationships, which is either suppressed or not recognised, and which has not yet been explored "for real" or may never be explored in fact. ...more on Wikipedia about "Latent homosexuality"
This list includes animals for which there is documented evidence of homosexual or transgender behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of animals practicing homosexual behavior"
The Pathogenic theory of homosexuality, or the gay germ theory, argues that a pathogenic cause of homosexuality is pointed to by the reduced number of offspring produced by homosexuality, meaning evolution would strongly select against it, by the low identical twin concordance for homosexuality, which further argues against genetic influence, and by analogue with diseases that alter brain structure and behavior, such as narcolepsy, which are suspected of being triggered by viral infection. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pathogenic theory of homosexuality"
There is evidence of a correlation between sexual orientation and traits that are determined in utero. Williams et al. (2000) found that finger length ratio, a characteristic controlled by prenatal hormones, is different in people of distinct sexual orientations. ** Another study by McFadden in 1998 found that auditory systems in the brain, another physical trait influenced by prenatal hormones is different in those of differing orientations. Homosexual have more older brothers, an efect known as fraternal birth order effect. It has been suggested that the greater the number of older male siblings the higher the level of androgen fetuses are exposed to . In a 1991 study, Simon LeVay demonstrated that a tiny clump of neurons of the anterior hypothalamus—which is believed to control sexual behavior and linked to prenatal hormones—was on average more than twice the size in heterosexual men when contrasted to homosexual men. Initially he could not rule out that this may be due to AIDS since all of his homosexual male subjects had died from it before the autopsies were performed. However in 2003 scientists at Oregon State University announced that it replicated his findings in homosexual sheep. ...more on Wikipedia about "Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation"
Psychopathia Sexualis ("Psychopathy of Sex") is the most famous work Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing, first published in 1886. It is notable for being one of the earliest works on homosexuality. Krafft-Ebing combined Karl Ulrichs' Urning theory with B. A. Morel's theory of disease and concluded that most homosexuals have a mental illness caused by degenerate heredity. The book was controversial at the time, arousing the anger of the Church in particular. ...more on Wikipedia about "Psychopathia Sexualis"
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