Signal transduction Signal transduction Autocrine signaling is a form of signalling in which a cell secretes a chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that signals the same cell. ...more on Wikipedia about "Autocrine signalling"
Calcineurin (CN) is a protein phosphatase also known as protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B). Is responsible for activating the transcription of IL-2, that stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cell response. In immunosuppressive therapy it is inhibited by cyclosporine and tacrolimus (FK506) - these drugs are known as calcineurin inhibitors. Calcineurin dephosphorylates NFATc, a transcription factor that can then go into the nucleus and turn on genes involved in heart valve elongation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calcineurin"
Ca2+ entering the cell plasma causes the specific action of the cell, whatever this action is: secretory cells release vesicles with their secretion, muscle cells contract, synapses release synaptic vesicles and go into processes of synaptic plasticity, etc. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calcium in biology"
In cell biology, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), also known as protein kinase A (PKA, ), refers to a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on the level of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the cell. ...more on Wikipedia about "CAMP-dependent protein kinase"
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface involved with the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cell adhesion molecule"
Chemokines are a class of chemotactic cytokines, or small secreted protein signals. Chemokines are specifically trophic molecules; that is, they signal leukocytes to move in a specific direction, up the gradient of chemokine concentration. Chemokines are divided on the basis of the protein structure according to cysteine motifs. The CxC group includes such molecules as interleukin-8 and platelet factor 4; the C C group includes such molecules as eotaxin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-3. The CxC group is usually denoted as 'CXCL' for 'CxC ligand'; the CxC receptor is denoted similarly as 'CXCR'. For the C C group, the chemokine ligands are 'CCL' and the receptors are 'CCR.' ...more on Wikipedia about "Chemokine"
Chemotaxis is the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-celled or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (for example, glucose) by swimming towards the highest concentration of food molecules, or to flee from poisons (for example, phenol). In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical in development as well as normal function. Additionally, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer metastasis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chemotaxis"
A co-receptor is a second cell surface receptor required for the entry of a pathogen into a host cell or initiation of a biological process. It is also a protein that increases the sensitivity of an antigen receptor to its antigen by binding to other ligands ...more on Wikipedia about "Co-receptor"
In biology, the term crosstalk refers to the phenomenon that signal components in signal transduction can be shared between different signal pathways and responses to an signal inducing condition (e.g., stress) can activate multiple responses in the cell/the organism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crosstalk (biology)"
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a molecule that is important in many biological processes; it is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cyclic adenosine monophosphate"
DARPP-32 stands for dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein with molecular weight 32 kDa. ...more on Wikipedia about "DARPP-32"
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a second messenger molecule made by phospholipase C (a membrane-bound enzyme), together with inositol triphosphate. Although inositol triphosphate diffuses into the cytosol, diacylglycerol stays close to the plasma membrane, due to its hydrophobic properties. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diacylglycerol"
The FAS ligand is a type II transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. ...more on Wikipedia about "FAS ligand"
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven transmembrane receptors, heptahelical receptors, or 7TM receptors), are a protein family of transmembrane receptors that transduce an extracellular signal ( ligand binding) into an intracellular signal ( G protein activation). The GPCRs are the largest protein family known, members of which are involved in all types of stimulus-response pathways, from intercellular communication to physiological senses. The diversity of functions is matched by the wide range of ligands recognized by members of the family, from photons (rhodopsin, the archetypal GPCR) to small molecules (in the case of the histamine receptors) to proteins (for example, chemokine receptors). This pervasive involvement in normal biological processes has the consequence of involving GPCRs in many pathological conditions, which has led to GPCRs being the target of 40 to 50% of modern medicinal drugs. ...more on Wikipedia about "G-protein-coupled receptor"
GTPases are a large family of enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze GTP. The GTP binding and hydrolysis takes place in the highly conserved G domain common to all GTPases. GTPases play an important role in: ...more on Wikipedia about "GTPase"
A hormone (from Greek horman - "to set in motion") is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones (including plants - see article phytohormone). ...more on Wikipedia about "Hormone"
Inositol, or cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, is a cyclic polyalcohol that plays an important role as a second messenger in a cell, in the form of inositol phosphates. It is found in many foods, namely cereals with high bran content. ...more on Wikipedia about "Inositol"
Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly phosphorylated inositols. They have important messaging functions in the cells. ...more on Wikipedia about "Inositol phosphate"
Inositol triphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (also commonly known as triphosphoinositol; abbreviated InsP3 or IP3), together with diacylglycerol, is a second messenger molecule used in signal transduction in biological cells. It is made by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane, by phospholipase C. ...more on Wikipedia about "Inositol triphosphate"
Inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as Ca2+ channel activated by inositol triphosphate (IP3). It has a broad tissue distribution but is especially abundant in the cerebellum. Most of the IP3R's are found in the cell at the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. The IP3R complex is formed of four 313 kDa subunits. ...more on Wikipedia about "Inositol triphosphate receptor"
The mammalian target of rapamycin is commonly known as mTOR. It is a serine/ threonine kinase that regulates translation and cell division. Nutrient availability influences mTOR so that when cells are not able to grow to normal size they will not undergo cell division. Current research indicates that mTOR integrates input from multiple upstream pathways, including insulin, growth factors, nutrients, mitogens and energy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mammalian target of rapamycin"
Don't hesitate to contact stuff on shortopedia Signal_transduction
In cell biology, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ( ) are serine/ threonine-specific protein kinases that respond to extracellular stimuli ( mitogens) and regulate various cellular activities, such as gene expression, mitosis, differentiation, and cell survival/ apoptosis. Extracellular stimuli lead to activation of a MAPK via a signaling cascade composed of MAPK, MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK). A MAPKKK that is activated by extracellular stimuli phosphorylates a MAPKK on its serine and threonine residues, and then this MAPKK activates a MAPK through phosphorylation on its serine and tyrosine residues. This MAPK signaling cascade has been evolutionarily well-conserved from yeast to mammals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mitogen-activated protein kinase"
(Myo-inositol) Myo-inositol, the major nutritionally active form of inositol, is vital to many biological processes of the body, participating in a diverse range of activities. Myo-inositol is one of nine distinct isomers of inositol. It is essential for the growth of rodents, but not for most animals, including humans. Humans can make myo-inositol endogenously, which they do from glucose, and, even though myo-inositol is sometimes referred to as a vitamin, it is not a vitamin for humans or most animals. However, the dietary intake of myo-inositol can influence the levels of circulating and bound myo-inositol in the body and may influence certain biological activities. Nutritional supplementation of this cyclitol may affect behavior and may have antidepressant and antianxiety activities. For more information on inositol supplementation, see Inositol Hexanicotinate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Myo-inositol"
Nodes of Ranvier are regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon or nerve fiber. About one micrometre in length, these gaps expose the membrane of the axon to the surrounding liquid. The myelin sheath as well as the nodes were discovered by French pathologist and anatomist Louis-Antoine Ranvier (1835-1922) ...more on Wikipedia about "Node of Ranvier"
The Notch pathway is a gene regulatory pathway involved in multiple differentiation processes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Notch signaling"
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia . Direct links to the original articles are in the text.
If you use exact copy or modified of this article you should preserve above paragraph and put also : It uses material from
the Shortopedia article about "Signal transduction".
| MAIN PAGE | MAIN INDEX | CONTACT US |