Sociology Sociology Misanthropy is a general dislike of the human race. It is not dislike of individual human beings, but rather dislike of the features shared by all humanity throughout place and time, including oneself. A misanthrope is thus a person who exhibits a general dislike of humankind. ...more on Wikipedia about "Misanthropy"
Missionary Kids (or MKs) are the children of Missionary parents, and thus were born and/or raised abroad (that is, on the "mission-field"). They are a subgroup of Third Culture Kids (TCKs). ...more on Wikipedia about "Missionary Kids"
Mobbing is a modern term for systematic bullying, harassment, or psychological terror, especially in schools and workplaces, whereby one person is "ganged up" on and stigmatized by peers and/or superiors for no genuine justifiable reason known to most of those mobbing the victim. Research into the phenomenon was pioneered in the 1980s by [German-born Swedish] scientist Heinz Leymann, who borrowed the term from animal behavior due to it describing perfectly how a group can attack an individual based only the negative meta-communications from the group. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mobbing"
Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being "Modern". Since the term "Modern" is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be taken in context. ...more on Wikipedia about "Modernity"
This approach has been heavily criticized, mainly because it conflated modernization with Westernization. In this model, the modernization of a society required the destruction of the indigenous culture and its replacement by a more Westernized one. Technically modernity simply refers to the present, and any society still in existence is therefore modern. Proponents of modernization typically view only Western society as being truly modern arguing that others are primitive or unevolved by comparison. This view sees unmodernized societies as inferior even if they have the same standard of living as western societies. Opponents of this view argue that modernity is independent of culture and can be adapted to any society. Japan is cited as an example by both sides. Some see it as proof that a thoroughly modern way of life can exist in a non-western society. Others argue that Japan has become distinctly more western as a result of its modernization. In addition, this view is accused of being Eurocentric, as modernization began in Europe and has long been regarded as reaching its most advanced stage in Europe (by Europeans), and in Europe overseas (USA, Canada, Autralia, New Zealand etc). ...more on Wikipedia about "Modernization"
Modernization theory is a socio-economic theory, sometimes known as (or as being encompassed within) development theory, which highlights the positive role played by the developed world in modernizing and facilitating sustainable development in underdeveloped nations, often contrasted with dependency theory. It is also a part of the wider theme of theories in sociology, known as the sociocultural evolution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Modernization theory"
The strategy of buying stocks that have had high returns over the past three to twelve months and selling those that have had poor returns over the same period is referred to as momentum investing. It has been reported that this strategy yields average returns of 1% per month for the following 3-12 months (Jegadeesh and Titman). While consensus exists about the validity of this claim, economists have trouble reconciling this phenomenon using Efficient market theory. Two main hypotheses have been submitted to explain the effect. In the first, it's assumed that momentum investors bear significant risk for assuming this strategy, and thus the high returns are compensation for the risk. The second theory assumes that momentum investors are exploiting behavioral shortcomings in other investors, such as investor herding, investor over and underreaction, and belief perserverance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Momentum investing"
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Monoculture describes systems that have very low diversity. The term is applied in several fields. ...more on Wikipedia about "Monoculture"
A moral panic is a mass movement based on the false or exaggerated perception that some cultural behavior or group of people, frequently a minority group or a subculture, is dangerously deviant and poses a menace to society. These panics are generally fuelled by media coverage of social issues, although semi-spontaneous moral panics do occur. Mass hysteria can be an element in these movements, but moral panic is different from mass hysteria in that a moral panic is specifically framed in terms of morality and is usually expressed as outrage rather than unadulterated fear. Moral panics often revolve around issues of sex and often involve a new or widely circulated urban legend. These panics can sometimes lead to mob violence. ...more on Wikipedia about "Moral panic"
Moral values are things held to be right or wrong or desirable or undesirable. While morality is sometimes described as ' innate' in humans, the scientific view is that a capacity for morality is genetically determined in us, but the set of moral values is aquired, through example, teaching or imprinting from parents and society. Different cultures have very different moral value systems, indeed moral values are probably the main defining feature of a culture, along with its traditions, laws, behaviour patterns, and beliefs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Moral values"
The term mores ( IPA ) as used in sociology is a plural noun. The Latin singular, which is not used in English, is mos. The English word morality comes from the same root, as does the noun moral, which can mean the 'core meaning of a story'. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mores"
Multilineal evolution is a 20th century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. It is composed of many competing theories by various sociologists and anthropologists. This theory has replaced the older 19th century set of theories of unilineal evolution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Multilineal evolution"
There are a variety of common national stereotypes about the inhabitants of various nations, held by inhabitants of other nations. Such stereotypes are usually prejudicial and often ill-informed, and often overlap with ethnic or racial stereotypes. However, some stereotypes may be positive (e.g. Australians are good at sports), although this does not make them acceptable. ...more on Wikipedia about "National stereotypes"
Naturalistic observation is a method of observation, commonly used by psychologists and social/behavioral scientists, that involves observing subjects in their natural habitats. Researchers take great care in avoiding making interferences with the behaviour they are observing by using unobtrusive methods. ...more on Wikipedia about "Naturalistic observation" www.shortopedia.com for you! Sociology
Neoevolutionism is a social theory that tried to explain the evolution of societies by drawing on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and discarding some dogmas of the previous social evolutionism. Neoevolutionism is concerned with long-term, directional, evolutionary social change and with the regular patterns of development that may be seen in unrelated, widely separated cultures. ...more on Wikipedia about "Neoevolutionism"
New institutionalism is a social theory that focuses on developing a sociological view of institutions, the way they interact and the effects of institutions on society. It is significant in that it provides a way of viewing institutions outside of the traditional views of economics, explaining, for example, why so many businesses end up having the same organizational structure (isomorphism) even though they evolved in very different ways, or how institutions shape the behavior of individual members. ...more on Wikipedia about "New institutionalism"
In sociology, a norm, or social norm, is a rule that is socially enforced. Social sanctioning is what distinguishes norms from other cultural products or social constructions such as meaning and values. Norms are thought to affect a wide variety of human behavior. ...more on Wikipedia about "Norm (sociology)"
The typological term normal type (in German: Normaltyp) was coined by Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936, German sociologist). It should not be confused with Max Weber’s term ideal type (in German Idealtyp). ...more on Wikipedia about "Normal type"
Office politics is a slang term for the often counterproductive human factors present between coworkers, in an office environment in the private or public sector. ...more on Wikipedia about "Office politics"
Operations research, operational research, or simply OR, is the use of mathematical models, statistics and algorithms to aid in decision-making. It is most often used to analyze complex real-world systems, typically with the goal of improving or optimizing performance. It is one form of applied mathematics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Operations research"
In sociology, an outgroup is a social group towards which an individual feels contempt, opposition, or a desire to compete. Members of outgroups may be subject to outgroup homogeneity biases, and generally people tend to privilege ingroup members over outgroup members in many situations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Outgroup (sociology)"
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The Pacific Sociological Association (PSA), founded in 1929, is the professional association of sociologists in the Pacific Region of North America. The PSA holds annual meetings and publishes the journal Sociological Perspectives. The presidency of the organization shifts each year at its annual conferences. The title is currently held by Pepper Schwartz, who succeeded Earl Babbie in spring of 2005. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pacific Sociological Association"
Paralanguage describes the non-verbal elements of communication, often used (consciously or unconsciously) to convey emotion. This may include gestures, facial expressions, pitch, volume and intonation. Sometimes the definition is restricted to vocally-produced sounds. In email, chatrooms and other text-only settings, these paralinguistic elements may be displayed by emoticons, font and color choices, use of uppercase, or by other means. Despite these methods, however, paralanguage in the internet environment is obviously far more limited than in real life, which can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Paralanguage"
Patriarchy (from Greek: patria meaning father and arché meaning rule) is the anthropological term used to define the sociological condition where male members of a society tend to predominate in positions of power; with the more powerful the position, the more likely it is that a male will hold that position. The term patriarchy is also used in systems of ranking male leadership in certain hierarchical churches or religious bodies (see patriarch and Patriarchate). Examples include the Greek Orthodox and Russian Orthodox churches. Finally, the term patriarchy is used perjoratively to describe a seemingly immobile and sclerotic political order. ...more on Wikipedia about "Patriarchy"
A peer group is a group of people of approximately the same age, social status, and interests. Some groups are socialized by peers rather than by their families or conventional institutions. They define themselves as a gang. ...more on Wikipedia about "Peer group"
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