Soil mechanics Soil mechanics The (Dutch) Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is a test to measure the strength or bearing capacity of (soft) soils. It was developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics. Today it is the most used method for soil investigation worldwide. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cone penetration test"
Darcy's Law is a phenomologically derived constituative equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium (typically water through an aquifer). The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of 1855 and 1856 experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand. It, along with the conservation of mass, comprises the groundwater flow equation, which is one the basic building relationships of hydrogeology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Darcy's law"
The construction of a Flownet is a graphical method used to solve two- dimensional steady-state groundwater flow problems through aquifers. The method is often used in civil engineering, hydrogeology or soil mechanics as a first check for problems of flow under hydraulic structures like dams or sheet pile walls. ...more on Wikipedia about "Flownet"
A foundation is a structure that transmits loads from a building or road to the underlying ground. A footing is a slab element that acts as the foundation, transferring loads from the superstructure to the ground. ...more on Wikipedia about "Foundation (architecture)"
Historically, Gabions were round cages with open tops and bottoms, made from wicker and filled with earth for use as fortifications. Modern definitions include any caged riprap for erosion control, or cylindrical metal structures used to build dams or foundations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gabion"
Hardscape, in the practice of ' landscaping, refers to the paved areas like streets & sidewalks, large business complexes & housing developments, and other industrial areas where the upper- soil-profile is no longer exposed to the actual surface of the Earth. It usually refers to heavily urbanized/ suburbanized areas that are basically nothing but miles upon miles of concrete with hardly any soil exposed to the Earth's surface because it has long since been paved over. Extremely large areas of hardscape can cause major problems with water runoff/ drainage after severe thunderstorms, hurricanes, typhoons, etc.; therefore, artificial methods of drainage must be utilized in order to carry off the massive volumes of water that would normally be mostly absorbed into the ground as groundwater. The water table in and around large areas of hardscape is usually very depleted because not enough rainwater is being absorbed into the soil of that area in order to help recharge the water table in that (usually urban) area. Such areas must then rely largely on "imported" freshwater from local or non-local lakes, reservoirs, dams, rivers, and streams. On the other hand, most homes in rural areas often use wells and springs as their primary source of freshwater because the local water table is being constantly recharged by the hydrologic cycle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hardscape"
Hydraulic conductivity, mathematically represented as , is a property of soil or rock, in the vadose zone or groundwater, that describes the ease with which water can move through pore spaces or fractures. It depends on the intrinsic permeability of the material and on the degree of saturation. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, , describes water movement through saturated media. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hydraulic conductivity"
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A perc test (from the word percolation, alternatively spelled "perk test") is a test to determine the absorption rate of soil for a septic drain field or "leach field". In order to gain the permits necessary to build a house, the surrounding land must be tested to determine if the land is suitable to be built on. This includes the permit to put a septic system on the property. ...more on Wikipedia about "Perc test"
In geology, permeability is a measure of the ability of a material (typically, a rock or unconsolidated alluvial material) to transmit fluids through it. It is of great importance in determining the flow characteristics of hydrocarbons in oil and gas reservoirs, and of groundwater in aquifers. The usual unit for permeability is the darcy, or more commonly the milli-darcy or md (1 darcy 10−12m²). ...more on Wikipedia about "Permeability (geology)"
Riparian areas or zones are the interface between land and water. They are the areas adjacent to water courses that are prone to flooding. Riparian zones are an important matter in environmentalism and civil engineering due to their significance for managing erosion control, their ecologies and the large effect they have on aquatic ecosystems. ...more on Wikipedia about "Riparian"
Riprap (also known as rip rap or shot rock) is rock or other material used to stabilize shore. Riprap reduces water erosion by resisting the hydraulic attack and dissipating the energy of flowing water or waves. The shape of rock is important. Coarse, angular rock, usually made by crushing or blasting, is more effective at ground reinforcement than round river rock. A correct mixture of aggregate size can also aid riprap's ability to create an interlocking structure. ...more on Wikipedia about "Riprap"
Slope stability is the geotechnical analysis of a soil covered hillslope and its potential to undergo mass wasting. Slope stability is a focus of soil mechanics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Slope stability"
Soil Liquefaction is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension. It is commonly observed in quicksand, quick clay, turbidity currents, and as a result of earthquake shock in unconsolidated sediments. It can be caused when flowing water reduces the friction between sand particles (as from an underground spring), or when a sudden change in pressure or repeated shock acting on water saturated or supersaturated sediments (as in an earthquake). Although the effects of liquefaction had been observed and understood for years, it was dramatically brought to the attention of engineers and seismologists in 1964 during the Niigata, Japan and Alaska earthquakes. It was a major factor in the destruction in San Francisco's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. ...more on Wikipedia about "Soil liquefaction"
Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies the principles of Engineering mechanics to predict the mechanical behavior of soil. Karl von Terzaghi, who worked on a rational approach to soil engineering, is known as the Father of Soil Mechanics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Soil mechanics"
Specific storage, storativity and specific yield (Ss, S and Sy) are aquifer properties; they are measures of the ability of an aquifer to release groundwater from storage, due to a unit decline in hydraulic head. These properties are often determined in hydrogeology using an aquifer test. ...more on Wikipedia about "Specific storage"
Thixotropy is the property of some non-newtonian pseudoplastic fluids to show a time-dependent change in viscosity; the longer the fluid undergoes shear, the lower its viscosity. However, this is not a universal definition; the term is sometimes applied to pseudoplastic fluids without a viscosity/time component. ...more on Wikipedia about "Thixotropy"
Water content is a ratio used in hydrogeology and soil mechanics to indicate the amount of water a porous medium contains. In fully saturated groundwater aquifers, all the available pore spaces are filled with water (volumetric water content = porosity). Above the capillary fringe, some of the pore spaces have air in them too. When the porous medium in question is soil, water content is synonymous with soil moisture. ...more on Wikipedia about "Water content"
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