Soviet/Russian probes Soviet/Russian probes The Halley Armada is a group of space probes sent to examine Comet Halley during its 1986 sojourn through the inner solar system. The armada consisted of one probe from the European Space Agency, two probes that were joint projects between the Soviet Union and France, two probes from the National Space Development Agency of Japan, and a probe from the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ...more on Wikipedia about "Halley Armada"
Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1) was an automatic interplanetary station launched in the direction of Mars on November 1, 1962, the first of the Soviet Mars probe program, with the intent of flying by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km. It was designed to image the surface and send back data on cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds. After leaving Earth orbit, the spacecraft and the booster fourth stage separated and the solar panels were deployed. Early telemetry indicated that there was a leak in one of the gas valves in the orientation system so the spacecraft was transferred to gyroscopic stabilization. Sixty-one radio transmissions were held, initially at two day intervals and later at 5 days in which a large amount of interplanetary data were collected. On 21 March 1963, when the spacecraft was at a distance of 106,760,000 km from Earth on its way to Mars, communications ceased, probably due to failure of the spacecraft's antenna orientation system. Mars 1 closest approach to Mars occurred on June 19, 1963 at a distance of approximately 193,000 km, after which the spacecraft entered a heliocentric orbit. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mars 1"
The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mars probe program"
The Marsnik program of unmanned spacecraft were the Soviet Union's first attempt at interplanetary exploration. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marsnik program"
The Phobos program was an unmanned space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. Phobos 2 became Mars and returned 38 images with a resolution of up to 40 meters. Both probes suffered from critical failures. ...more on Wikipedia about "Phobos program"
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