Superconductivity Superconductivity Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov (Алексей Алексеевич Абрикосов) (born June 25 1928, in Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR.) is a Soviet/ Russian theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. He graduated from the Moscow State University in 1948. In 1948-1965 he worked in the Institute ...more on Wikipedia about "Alexei Abrikosov"
BCS theory (named for its creators, Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer) successfully explains conventional superconductivity, the ability of certain metals at low temperatures to conduct electricity without resistance. BCS theory views superconductivity as a macroscopic quantum mechanical effect. It proposes that electrons with opposite spin can become paired, forming Cooper pairs. Independently and at the same time, superconductivity phenomenon was explained by Nikolay Bogoliubov by means of the so-called Bogoliubov transformations. ...more on Wikipedia about "BCS theory"
Brian David Josephson (born Cardiff, Wales, UK, January 4, 1940) is a British physicist whose discovery of the Josephson effect as a 22-year-old graduate student won him the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physics, which he shared with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever. He is currently a professor at the University of Cambridge where he is the head of the mind-matter unification project in the Theory of Condensed Matter research group. He is also a fellow of Trinity College. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brian David Josephson"
Cryoelectronics or cryolectronics is the study of superconductivity and its applications. It is not to be confused with cryotronics, the study of the production of superconductor materials. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cryoelectronics"
Flux pinning is the phenomenon where a magnet's lines of force (called flux) become trapped, or "pinned", inside a superconducting material. This pinning binds the superconductor to the magnet at a fixed distance. Flux pinning is only possible when there are defects in the crystalline structure of the superconductor (usually resulting from grain boundaries or impurities). Flux pinning is desirable in high-temperature ceramic superconductors in order to prevent "flux creep", which can create a pseudo- resistance and depress both critical current density and critical field. ...more on Wikipedia about "Flux pinning"
In physics, Ginzburg-Landau theory is a mathematical theory used to model superconductivity. It does not purport to explain the microscopic mechanisms giving rise to superconductivity. Instead, it examines the macroscopic properties of a superconductor with the aid of general thermodynamic arguments. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ginzburg-Landau theory"
The history of superconductivity, whom Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in his research of metallic low temperature phenomenon characterised by no electrical resistance and which became known as superconductivity, starts at the end of the 1800s. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of superconductivity"
In superconductivity, Homes's law states that a superconductor's transition temperature is proportional to the strength of the superconducting state at zero temperature (that is, the superfluid density) multiplied by the above-transition electrical resistivity. The law is named for physicist Christopher Homes and was first presented in the July 29 2004 edition of Nature. ...more on Wikipedia about "Homes's law"
Ivar Giaever (originally spelled Giæver) (born April 5, 1929 in Bergen, Norway) is a physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian David Josephson for work in solid-state physics. Giaever is an institute professor emeritus at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a professor-at-large at the University of Oslo, and the president of Applied Biophysics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ivar Giaever"
John Bardeen ( May 23 1908 – January 30 1991) was an American physicist. He is the only person to have won two Nobel prizes in physics: in 1956 for the transistor, along with William Bradford Shockley and Walter Brattain, and in 1972 for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity together with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer, now called BCS theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "John Bardeen"
The Josephson effect is named after British physicist Brian David Josephson who predicted its existence in 1962. The Josephson junctions were first realized by John Rowell and Philip Anderson. The Josephson effect manisfests itself as the flow of electric current carried by electron pairs, called Cooper pairs, between two superconducting electrodes connected through a thin insulating barrier. The arrangement of two superconductors linked by an oxide is called a Josephson junction (see below). The properties of these devices are exploited in SQUIDs used to measure magnetic flux at the quantum level. A version using different superfluids can be used as a quantum gyroscope. Furthermore, Josephson junctions are used in Rapid Single Flux Quantum integrated circuits, and some other of their properties can be exploited to build photon or particle detectors. When assembled in two dimensional arrays, "testboards" for the physical realization of mathematical model systems are created. When assembled in linear arrays (connected in series) the inverse Josephon effect allows to define and maintain the SI unit volt . It is also speculated that Josephson junctions may allow the realisation of qubits, the key elements of a future quantum computer. ...more on Wikipedia about "Josephson effect"
Valence electrons inside a superconductor is like a superfluid. So when you rotate the superconductor, electrons stay still while the positively charged atoms move. This creates a magnetic field called London field. ...more on Wikipedia about "London field"
The magnetic flux quantum Φ0 is the quantum of magnetic flux passing through a superconductor. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic flux quantum"
The Meissner effect (or Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect) is the total exclusion of any magnetic flux from the interior of a superconductor. It is often referred to as perfect diamagnetism. It was discovered by Walther Meißner and Robert Ochsenfeld in 1933. ...more on Wikipedia about "Meissner effect"
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Invented by Eiichi Goto at the University of Tokyo, the Quantum Flux Parametron (QFP) is an improvement over his earlier parametron based digital logic technology. Unlike its predecessor, QFP uses superconducting Josephson junctions on integrated circuits to improve speed and energy efficiency enormously. In some applications, the complexity of the cryogenic cooling system required is negligable compared to the potential speed gains. While his design makes use of quantum principles, it is not a quantum computer technology, gaining speed only through higher clock speeds. Apart from the speed advantage over traditional CMOS integrated circuit design is that parametrons can be operated with zero energy loss (no local increase in entropy), making reversible computing possible. Low energy use and heat generation is critical in supercomputer design, where thermal load per unit volume is has become one of the main limiting factors. ...more on Wikipedia about "Quantum flux parametron"
In electronics, rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) is a digital electronics technology that relies on quantum effects in superconducting materials to switch signals, instead of transistors. However, it is not a quantum computing technology in the traditional sense. Even so, RSFQ is very different from the traditional CMOS transistor technology used in every day computers: ...more on Wikipedia about "Rapid single flux quantum"
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). SNS is being designed and constructed by a unique partnership of six DOE national laboratories: Argonne, Lawrence Berkeley, Brookhaven, Jefferson, Los Alamos, and Oak Ridge. ...more on Wikipedia about "Spallation Neutron Source"
SQUIDs, or Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices, are used to measure extremely tiny magnetic fields; they are currently the most sensitive such devices ( magnetometers) known, with noise levels as low as 3 fT·Hz−½. Some processes in animals produce very small magnetic fields (typically sized between a nanotesla and a microtesla (1000 nT) — a typical fridge magnet is one hundred microtesla), and SQUIDs are well suited to studying these. Magnetoencephalography (MEG), for example, uses measurements from an array of SQUIDs to make inferences about neural activity inside brains. Because SQUIDs can operate at acquisition rates much higher than the highest temporal frequency of interest in the signals emitted by the brain (kHz), MEG achieves good temporal resolution. Another application is the scanning SQUID microscope, which uses a SQUID immersed in liquid helium as the probe. The use of SQUIDs in oil prospecting, earthquake prediction and geothermal energy surveying is becoming more widespread as superconductor technology develops; they are also used as precision movement sensors in a variety of scientific applications, such as the detection of gravity waves. Four SQUIDs are currently employed on Gravity Probe B in order to test the limits of the theory of general relativity. ...more on Wikipedia about "SQUID"
Superconducting magnets are electromagnets that are partially built from superconducting materials and therefore reach much higher magnetic field intensity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Superconducting magnet"
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil which has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. ...more on Wikipedia about "Superconducting magnetic energy storage"
Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterized by the complete absence of electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect). ...more on Wikipedia about "Superconductivity"
Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of magnetic susceptibility and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field. Superdiamagnetism is a feature of superconductivity. It was identified in 1933, by Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld (the Meissner effect). ...more on Wikipedia about "Superdiamagnetism"
Some technological innovations benefiting from the discovery of superconductivity include sensitive magnetometers based on SQUIDs, digital circuits (including those based on Josephson junctions and rapid single flux quantum technology), Magnetic Resonance Imaging, beam-steering magnets in particle accelerators, power cables, and microwave filters (e.g., for mobile phone base stations). Promising future industrial and commercial applications include transformers, power storage, motors, and magnetic levitation devices. Most applications employ the well-understood conventional superconductors, but it is expected that high-temperature superconductors will soon become more cost-effective in many cases. ...more on Wikipedia about "Technological applications of superconductivity"
The Thermal hall effect is the thermal analog of the Hall effect for conductors. In particular, the Righi-Leduc Effect describes the heat flow resulting from a perpendicular temperature gradient and vice versa, and the Maggi-Righi-Leduc effect descrbies changes in thermal conductivity when placing a conductor in a magnetic field. ...more on Wikipedia about "Thermal Hall effect"
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg ( ; born October 4 1916 in Moscow) is a Soviet/ Russian theoretical physicist and astrophysicist, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union, and the successor to Igor Tamm as head of the Academy's physics institute ( FIAN). He graduated from the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University in 1938, defended candidate's ( Ph.D.) dissertation in 1940 and doctor's dissertation in 1942. Since 1940 up to present time (as of 2004) he works in the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow. Among his achievements are a partially phenomenological theory of superconductivity, developed with Landau in 1950, the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas such as the ionosphere, and a theory of the origin of cosmic radiation. In the 1950s he played a key role in the development of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. ...more on Wikipedia about "Vitaly Ginzburg"
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