Symbiosis Symbiosis Ant-fungus mutualism is a verifiable symbiosis seen in certain ant and fungal species, where ants actively cultivate fungus much like humans farm crops as a food source. Interestingly, both ant and fungus are completely dependent on each other for survival. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ant-fungus mutualism"
(Aposymbiotic) Aposymbiosis occurs when symbiotic organisms live apart from one another (for example, a Clownfish living independantly of an Anemone). Studies have shown that the lifecycles of both the host and the symbiote are affected in some way, usually negative, and that for obligate symbiosis the effects can be drastic . ...more on Wikipedia about "Aposymbiotic"
The phenomenon of carnivorous trees has been observed by researchers John Kironomos and Miranda Hart at the University of Guelph, Ontario. The eastern White Pine hosts the fungus Laccaria bicolor, which attaches to the roots. Insect-like hexapods known as springtails are lured and killed--probably with a toxin--by the fungus, and the decaying insect is scavenged to retrieve nitrogen. Nitrogen is also ingested by the tree, which provides carbohydrates to the fungus. Klironomos found that up to 25% of plant nitrogen came from animals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carnivorous trees"
The Clownfish, or Anemonefish, are the subfamily Amphiprioninae of the family Pomacentridae. There are currently 27 species, of which one is in the genus Premnas and the rest are in the subfamily's type genus Amphiprion. The other pomacentrids are called damselfish. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clownfish"
In ecology, commensalism is an interaction between two living organisms, where one creature benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. As with all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived symbioses to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries. The term commensalism derives from the Latin com mensa, meaning sharing a table. Originally it was used to describe the use of waste food by second animals, like the carcass eaters who follow hunting animals, but wait until they have finished their meal. Other forms of commensalism include: ...more on Wikipedia about "Commensalism"
In ecology, the word ecosystem is an abbreviation of the term, ecological system. Some consider this the basic unit in ecology. Ecosystems are not to be confused with biomes because they are smaller than biomes. They can be as big as the Sahara Desert, but as small as a pond. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ecosystem"
An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism, i.e. forming an endosymbiosis ( Greek: endo = inner and biosis = living). For instance, some nitrogen fixing bacteria (known as rhizobia) live in root nodules on legume roots, reef-building corals contain single-celled algae, and several insect species contain bacterial endosymbionts. Many other examples of endosymbiosis exist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Endosymbiont"
The endosymbiotic theory concerns the origins of mitochondria and plastids (plastids with chlorophyll a and b are called chloroplasts, some other plastids are called cyanelles and rhodoplasts),which are organelles of eukaryotic cells. According to this theory, these originated as prokaryotic organisms, which came to live inside prokaryotic cells as endosymbionts. In other words, the endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotic cells first appeared when a prokaryotic cell was absorbed into another cell without being digested.The theory also postulates that the mitochondria evolved from facilitated anaerobic bacteria (probably proteobacteria, related to the rickettsias), and that the chloroplast evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (autotrophic prokaryotes). The evidence for this theory is compelling as a whole, and it is now generally accepted. ...more on Wikipedia about "Endosymbiotic theory"
(Goby) The Gobies form the family Gobiidae, and are one of the largest families of fish, with over 2000 known species. Most are relatively small, typically less than 10 cm (4 in) in length. The smallest vertebrates in the world are gobies of the genera Trimmatom and Pandaka, which are under 1 cm (3/8 in) long when fully grown. There are some large gobies, such as species of Gobioides, that can reach well over 30 cm (1 ft) in length, but that is exceptional. Although few are important as food for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for commercially important fish like cod, haddock, sea bass, and flatfish. Several gobies are also of interest as aquarium fish, in particular the bumblebee gobies of the genus Brachygobius. ...more on Wikipedia about "Goby"
In biology, a host is an organism that harbors a virus, parasite, mutual partner, or commensal partner, typically providing nourishment and shelter. ...more on Wikipedia about "Host (biology)"
Leafcutter ants are social insects found in warmer regions of Central and South America. These remarkable ants have evolved an advanced agricultural system based on ant-fungus mutualism. They feed on a specialized fungus that grows only in the underground chambers of the ants' nest. The ants actively cultivate their fungus, feeding it with freshly-cut plant material and maintaining it free from pests and weeds. This is done through a symbiotic relationship with a colony of bacteria that grows on the ants that protect the fungus. The bacteria evolve along with the mold that would feed on the fungus - essentially the ants have their own portable antibiotics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Leafcutter ant"
Lichens are symbiotic organisms made up by the association of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi. There is evidence that lichens might involve a controlled form of parasitism of the algal cells. In laboratory settings, algae grow faster when they are alone rather than when they are part of a lichen. Lichens take the external shape of the fungal partner and hence are named based on the fungus. The fungus most commonly forms the majority of a lichen's bulk, though in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this may not always be the case. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota—rarely a member of the Basidiomycota. Some lichen taxonomists place lichens in their own division, the Mycophycophyta, but this practice ignores the fact that the components belong to separate lineages. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lichen"
This is an incomplete list of notable mutualistic symbiotic relationships, in which different species have a cooperative or mutually dependent relationship. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of symbiotic relationships"
In biology, mutualism is an interaction between two species in which both species derive benefit. Mutualisms can be lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact (known as symbiosis) such as those between trees and mycorrhizal fungi; they can also be briefer, non-symbiotic interactions, such as those between flowering plants and pollinators. Mutualisms may also be obligatory or non-obligatory (facultative). For example, bacteria known as rhizobia can reproduce either in the soil or in (usually) mutualistic symbiosis with legume plants, sometimes resulting in a mutation. Mycorrhizal fungi, on the other hand, can be totally dependent on their plant hosts. Microbes often band together for mutual benefit in biofilms to break down solid food sources as in rusticles. The relationship between people and their pets is a non-obligatory mutualism for the human, and, depending on the animal, either obligatory or non-obligatory. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mutualism"
A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for "fungus roots") is a distinct type of root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mycorrhiza"
Parasitism ( Greek: παρασσυτισμός) is an interaction between two organisms, in which one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed. Parasitism can be considered a special case of predation since in both interactions one species acquires biomass directly from another. In cases where the parasite is specific to a single host, the interaction is symbiotic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Parasitism"
Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). The receptive part of the carpel is called a stigma in the flowers of angiosperms and a micropyle in gymnosperms. The study of pollination brings together many disciplines, such as botany, horticulture, entomology, and ecology. Pollination is important in horticulture because most plant fruits will not develop if the ovules are not fertilised. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pollination"
A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. Though the terms are sometimes confused, a pollinator is different from a pollenizer, which is a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pollinator"
A polydnavirus is generally a virus whose genome is encoded in multiple superhelical deoxyribonucleic acid molecules. Notably, the polydnavirus Campoletis sonorensis has been found in the oviducts of all or most adult female C. sonorensis parasitoid wasps. These viruses replicate only within specific calyx cells of female ovaries. Polydnaviruses may affect their hosts' immune systems and appear to have a symbiotic relationship with the wasps (which benefit from suppression of their host organism's immune system by the virus). Ongoing research on polydnaviruses has involved sequence analysis to gather information on the functions of polydnaviral genes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Polydnavirus"
Predation is an interaction between organisms in which one organism, the predator, attacks and feeds upon another, the prey. ...more on Wikipedia about "Predation"
In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a form of altruism in which one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation. This is equivalent to the Tit for tat strategy in game theory. It would only be expected to evolve in the presence of a mechanism to identify and punish "cheaters". ...more on Wikipedia about "Reciprocal altruism"
Rhizobia (from the Greek words Riza = Root and Bios = Life) are soil bacteria that fix nitrogen ( diazotrophy) after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes ( Fabaceae). The rhizobia can not independently fix nitrogen, and require a plant host. Although much of the nitrogen is removed when protein-rich grain or hay is harvested, significant amounts can remain in the soil for future crops. This is especially important when nitrogen fertilizer is not used, as in organic rotation schemes or some less-industrialized countries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rhizobia"
True shrimp are small, swimming, decapod crustaceans classified in the infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. ...more on Wikipedia about "Shrimp"
Symbiosis (pl. symbioses) (from the Greek words syn = con/plus and biono = living) is an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association or even the merging of two dissimilar organisms. ...more on Wikipedia about "Symbiosis"
Zooxanthellae are golden-brown intracellular endosymbionts of various marine animals and protozoa. They are typically dinoflagellate algae, although other algae such as diatoms can also be zooxanthellae. They are often acquired by direct ingestion, and subsequently multiply in the host's tissues, providing it with various nutrients. Their population in the host tissue is limited by controlling the amount of food and light they receive and by digestion of excess cells. There are also zooxanthellae transmitted by the coral eggs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Zooxanthella" My way is www.shortopedia.com Symbiosis
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