Taxation Taxation The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program is an IRS program designed to help low- and moderate-income taxpayers complete their annual tax forms. Every year around mid-January, volunteers (working with local non-profit agencies designated by the IRS) mobilize, setting up centers in various communities. Clients are not charged fees for this service, although VITA can only assist people who have an income below a certain maximum (currently $38,000). ...more on Wikipedia about "IRS's Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program"
Jizya or jizyah ( Arabic: جزْية) is a poll tax imposed on " dhimmi" (non-muslim) adult males, who are then officially allowed to practice their religion in countries ruled by Islamic law. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jizya"
In the United States the jock tax is the colloquially named income tax levied against visitors to a city or state who earn money in that jurisdiction. Since a state cannot afford to track the many individuals who do business on an itinerant basis, the ones targeted are usually very wealthy and high profile, namely professional athletes. Not only are the working schedules of famous sports players public, so are their salaries. The state can compute and collect the amount with very little investment of time and effort. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jock tax"
In Islamic law, kharaj is a tax on land, specifically agricultural land. The theory and application of the tax have varied over the years: in the earliest applications it was synonymous with jizyah (the poll tax paid by dhimmi), while from the Umayyad Caliphate onwards it was levied on certain classes of land without regard for the cultivator's religion. It was always distinct from the tithes required of Muslims, and unlike jizyah and zakat had no basis in the Qur'an or hadith, being rather the product of ijma and al-urf. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kharaj"
Land value taxation (LVT) is the policy of raising state revenues by charging each landholder a portion of the value of a site or parcel of land that would exist even if that site had no improvements. It is different from a property tax, which includes the value of buildings and other improvements on the land. ...more on Wikipedia about "Land value tax"
A lifetime income tax is an income tax that would tax a person based on their cumulative lifetime income, rather than their yearly income as is currently done throughout the world. A lifetime income tax is currently just a proposal that has been made by some economists and politicians. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lifetime income tax"
A luxury tax is a tax on products not considered essential, such as expensive cars. ...more on Wikipedia about "Luxury tax"
In economics, a negative income tax (abbreviated NIT) is a method of tax reform that is popular among economists but has never been fully implemented. It was developed by Juliet Rhys-Williams in the 1940s and later by United States economist Milton Friedman in 1962. Negative income taxes can implement or supplement a guaranteed minimum income system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Negative income tax"
Octroi (0. Fr. octroyer, to grant, authorize; Lat. auctor) is a local tax collected on various articles brought into a district for consumption. ...more on Wikipedia about "Octroi"
An offshore bank is a bank located outside the country of residence of the depositor, typically in a low tax jurisdiction that provides financial and legal advantages. These advantages typically include some or all of ...more on Wikipedia about "Offshore bank"
An offshore company is one which does not conduct substantial business in its country of incorporation. They are sometimes known as non-resident companies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Offshore company"
Partnerships are "flow-through" entities for United States federal income taxation purposes. In the absence of an election to the contrary, multi-member limited liability companies (LLCs), limited liability partnerships (LLPs) and certain multi-member trusts are treated as partnerships for United States federal income tax purposes. Certain non-U.S. entities may also be eligible for treatment as partnerships. The states of the United States do not universally accord "flow-through" taxation to partnerships, and some distinguish among different kinds of entities that are treated the same under federal tax principles (e.g. Texas taxes LLCs as corporations, while according flow-through treatment to partnerships). Local jurisdictions may also impose their own taxes on entities taxed as partnerships at the federal level (e.g. New York City unincorporated business tax). ...more on Wikipedia about "Partnership taxation"
La Paulette (after the financier Charles Paulet, who proposed it) was the name commonly given to the "annual right" (droit annuel), a special tax levied by the French Crown during the ancien régime. It was first instituted on December 12, 1604 by King Henry IV's minister Maximilien de Béthune. Under the terms of the Paulette, the holders of various government offices could secure the right to transfer their office at will by annually paying the Crown one sixtieth of the sum that they had paid when they acquired the office. ...more on Wikipedia about "Paulette"
Pay-as-you-go is a system for businesses and individuals to pay instalments of their expected tax liability on their income from employment, business, or investment for the current income year. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pay-as-you-go tax"
PAYE (or pay-as-you-earn) is a payroll deduction system in which tax is deducted from a person's income when paid by the employer. The amount withheld is determined by a tax code which applies the taxpayer's individual tax liabilities. The PAYE system is also used to collect national insurance contributions. ...more on Wikipedia about "PAYE"
Payroll tax generally refers to a tax which employers are required to withhold from employees' paychecks. In the United States, employers are required to withhold federal income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax. Together, the Social Security and Medicare taxes are known as the FICA tax. In some places, employers may be required to withhold state income tax, or even city income tax. ...more on Wikipedia about "Payroll tax"
The Permanent Settlement - also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal ( Bangla: চিরস্থায়ী বন্দোবস্ত, Chirosthayi Bandobasto) - was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the Empire and the political realities of the Indian countryside. It was concluded in 1793, by the Company administration headed by Lord Cornwallis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Permanent Settlement"
Peter's Pence is the practice of lay members of the Roman Catholic Church of providing financial support to the Holy See. While the regular tithe goes to the local parish or diocese, the Peter's Pence goes directly to Rome. The practice originated at the eighth century A.D. when Anglo-Saxons decided to send a regular annual sum to the Pope in Rome. ...more on Wikipedia about "Peter's Pence"
A Pigovian tax is a tax levied to correct the negative social side-effects of an activity. For instance, a Pigovian tax may be levied on producers who pollute the environment to encourage them to reduce pollution, and to provide revenue which may be used to counteract the negative effects of the pollution. Certain types of Pigovian taxes are sometimes referred to as sin taxes, for example taxes on alcohol and cigarettes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pigovian tax"
A poll tax, head tax, soul tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). Such taxes were important sources of revenue for many countries into the 19th century, but this is no longer the case. There are several famous cases of poll taxes in history, notably a tax formerly required for voting in parts of the United States that was often designed to disenfranchise African Americans, Native Americans, and whites of non-British descent, as well as two taxes levied by John of Gaunt and Margaret Thatcher in the fourteenth and twentieth centuries respectively. ...more on Wikipedia about "Poll tax"
A progressive tax, or graduated tax, is a tax that is larger as a percentage of income for those with larger incomes. It is usually applied in reference to income taxes, where people with more income pay a higher percentage of it in taxes. The term progressive refers to the way the rate progresses from low to high, but over time it has become confused with modern. ...more on Wikipedia about "Progressive tax"
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Property tax is an ad valorem tax that an owner of real estate or other property pays on the value of the thing taxed. The taxing authority requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of the property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary between countries and jurisdictions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Property tax"
Rates are a type of taxation system in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, such as New Zealand, historically used to fund local government. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rates (tax)"
A “regressive” tax is a tax which takes a larger percentage of income from people whose income is low. Often it is a fixed tax — every person has to pay same amount of money, such as a poll tax (a “head” tax, which may be a tax to vote). Alternatively, it may be a tax on consumption such as VAT. ...more on Wikipedia about "Regressive tax"
The Revenue On-Line Service (ROS), is a pioneer in European internet applications, and it is run by Revenue in the Republic of Ireland. ...more on Wikipedia about "Revenue On-Line Service"
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