Transcription factors

The brachyury mutation was first described in mice in 1927 as a mutation that affected the tail length in heterozygous animals and was lethal in homozygous animals due to defects in notochord differentiation and the abscence of structures posterior to the forlimb bud. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brachyury"

c-Myc is a mammalian transcription factor belonging to the bHLH (basic Helix Loop Helix)-Leucine Zipper family. Together with n-Myc and l-Myc it belongs to the Myc family of proteins. In Drosophila, there is only one homologue called d-Myc. ...more on Wikipedia about "C-myc"

CREB ( cAMP response element-binding) proteins are transcription factors which bind to certain sequences called cAMP response elements in DNA and thereby increase or decrease the transcription of certain genes. CREB proteins are active in many animals, including humans. The typical (somewhat simplified) sequence of events is as follows: a signal arrives at the cell surface, activates the corresponding receptor, which leads to the production of a second messenger such as cAMP or Ca2+, which in turn activates a protein kinase. This protein kinase moves to the cell nucleus, where it activates a CREB protein. The activated CREB molecule then binds to a CRE element and thereby switches certain genes on or off. The DNA binding of CREB is mediated via its basic Leucine zipper domain ( bZIP domain) as depicted on the picture. ...more on Wikipedia about "CREB"

E2F stands for family of transcription factors (TF) in higher eukaryotes. Three of them are activators: E2F1,2 and E2F3a. Six others act as suppressors: E2F3b, E2F4-8. All of them are involved in the cell cycle regulation and synthesis of DNA in mammalian cells. E2Fs as TFs bind to the TTTCGCGC consensus binding site in the target promoter sequence. ==E2F Family== Legend: ...more on Wikipedia about "E2F"

Forkhead box proteins (FOX proteins) play important roles in regulating the expression of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and longevity. Many FOX proteins are important to embryonic development. ...more on Wikipedia about "FOX proteins"

Foxp3 is a member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcriptional regulators and functions as the master regulator in the development and function of regulatory T cells. ...more on Wikipedia about "FOXP3"

General transcription factors are proteins which are thought to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates. Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex, which, together with RNA polymerase II, bind to and read the single-stranded DNA gene template. These proteins are ubiquitous and interact with the core promoter region of DNA, which contains the transcription start site(s) of all class II genes. The most common general transcription factors are abbreviated as TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, though basal transcription in test tubes has been achieved using only highly-purified recombinant TFIIB and TFIIF. ...more on Wikipedia about "General transcription factor"

Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to changes in available oxygen in the cellular environment, specifically to decreases in oxygen, or hypoxia. Many organisms express the highly conserved transcriptional complex HIF-1, which is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and beta subunit, the latter being a constituitively expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). HIF-1 belongs to the PAS subfamily of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. The alpha subunit of HIF-1 is a target for prolyl hydroxylation by HIF prolyl-hydroxylase, which makes HIF-1 alpha a target for degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This only occurs in normoxic conditions. In hypoxic conditions, HIF prolyl-hydroxylase is inhibited since it utilizes oxygen as a cosubstrate. Hypoxia also results in a build up of succinate, due to inhibition of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. The build up of succinate further inhibits HIF prolyl-hydroxylase action since it is an end product of HIF hydoxylation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hypoxia inducible factors"

MyoD is a gene that helps control muscle differentiation. The MyoD gene encodes for bHLH (basic helix loop helix) transcription factors. Though MyoD is a major compenent of muscle differentiation mutants still grow muscle playing on the fact that the similar myf-5 gene may play a complementary role in specifying myoblast fate. MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 (Myf6) are myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and mRNA levels are elevated in aging skeletal muscle. ...more on Wikipedia about "MyoD"

p53, also known as tumor protein 53 (TP53), is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppressor. It is very important for cells in multicellular organisms to suppress cancer. TP53 has been described as "the guardian of the genome", referring to its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation [6]. The name is due to its molecular mass: it runs as a 53 kilodalton (KDa) protein on SDS-PAGE. ...more on Wikipedia about "P53"

In molecular biology, an upstream transcription factor is a protein which binds to a cis-regulatory element (such as an enhancer or repressor sequence) upstream from a gene and either directly or indirectly affects the initiation of transcription. ...more on Wikipedia about "Upstream transcription factor"

Zif268 is a mouse transcription factor that was also named Krox-24, NGFI-A, EGr1, and ZENK. The DNA binding domain of Zif268 consists of zinc finger proteins (ZFPs). The crystal structure of DNA bound by the ZFPs of Zif268 has been solved, which greatly aided early research in ZFPs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Zif268"

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