Tunnels Tunnels An Immersed tube is a kind of underwater tunnel constructed using segments built elsewhere, floated and sunk into place, then welded together to form the tunnel. This method can be considerably cheaper than excavating through rock, and is more resistant to earthquake damage. The tradeoff is that immersed tubes are more vulnerable to terrorist bombings than excavated tunnels, since less explosive force is necessary to breach their walls than would be required to penetrate the roof of a tunnel through rock. ...more on Wikipedia about "Immersed tube"
Road-rail tunnels are tunnels shared by road and rail lines, as an economy measure compared to constructing tunnels. Road and rail may be provided with separate tubes. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of road-rail tunnels"
The list of tunnels includes any road tunnel, railway tunnel or waterway tunnel anywhere in the world. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of tunnels"
NATM is the usual abbreviation of the “New Austrian Tunneling Method” (in german language: Neue Österreichische Tunnelbauweise, or NÖT). ...more on Wikipedia about "NATM"
The New Austrian Tunneling method (NATM) was developed between 1957 and 1965 in Austria. It was given its name in Salzburg in 1962 to distinguish it from old Austrian tunnelling approach. The main contributors to the development of NATM were Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and Franz Pacher. ...more on Wikipedia about "New Austrian Tunnelling method"
In geotechnical engineering, the first major rock mass classification system was proposed about 60 years ago for tunnelling with steel support. Later classification systems were developed for non-steel support underground excavation, slope and foundation engineering. Considering the three main design approaches for excavation in rock – analytical, observational and empirical – the most predominant design approach is empirical design methods. Indeed, on many underground or surface construction and mining projects, rock mass classifications have been provided the only systematic design aid in an otherwise haphazard "trial-and-error" procedure. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rock mass classification"
Smuggling tunnels are secret tunnels, usually hidden underground, used for smuggling of goods, illegal weapons and people. ...more on Wikipedia about "Smuggling tunnels"
The Toad Tunnel, constructed in 1995 in the city of Davis, California, was a project with the intent of protecting the local toads from freeway traffic. It cost tax payers $14,000 and is often ignored by the toads. This tunnel is located under the Pole Line Road overpass, which crosses Interstate 80. The tunnel is 21 inches wide and 18 inches high. ...more on Wikipedia about "Toad tunnel"
A tunnel is an underground passage. When designed for use by traffic, it may be called an underpass. The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon. However, in general tunnels have a ratio of the length of the passage to the width of at least 2 to 1. In addition, they should be completely enclosed on all sides (save the openings) for the length of the covered area. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tunnel"
Tunnel boring machines (TBM) are used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of geologies. They can be used to bore through hard rock or sand or almost anything in between. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre (done with micro-TBMs) to more than 14 metres. The biggest one was built for the New Elbe Tunnel in Hamburg. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tunnel boring machine"
A tunnelling shield is a protective structure used in the excavation of tunnels through soil that is too soft or fluid to remain stable during the time it takes to line the tunnel with a support structure of concrete or steel. In effect, the shield serves as a temporary support structure for the tunnel while it is being excavated. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tunnelling shield"
There are eight tunnels in the Icelandic road system (as of September 2005). Tunnels in Iceland are usually built under mountains to prevent winter isolation of remote communities which would otherwise have to depend on high roads that often closed due to snow, to shorten distance between communities, and to increase road-safety by bypassing dangerous stretches of road. A tunnel under a fjord, the Hvalfjörður Tunnel (Hvalfjarðargöng), is among the longest underwater road tunnels in the world ** . ...more on Wikipedia about "Tunnels in Iceland"
Wildlife crossings reconnect habitats, allowing animals to cross roads safely. They are widely used in Europe, where efforts to protect wildlife have involved underpasses, amphibian tunnels, and tunnels for small mammals such as otters, hedgehogs, and badgers. The Humane Society reports that the more than 600 tunnels installed under both major and minor roads in the Netherlands have helped to substantially increase population levels of the endangered European badger. ...more on Wikipedia about "Wildlife crossing"
==The World's Longest Tunnels== ...more on Wikipedia about "World's longest tunnels" This article is made on shortopedia Tunnels
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