Types of economics Types of economics Agricultural economics applies the principles of economics to the production of crops and livestock. Specific areas of study in agricultural economics include: ...more on Wikipedia about "Agricultural economics"
Altruistic Economics is a branch of economics set out by Robin Upton in 2004 in a presentation to the autonomous European Social Forum at the London School of Economics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Altruistic Economics"
Biophysical economics is a system of economic thought based not on money but on laws of energy and material transformations and empirical assessments of these and their relation to money. It is an economics that starts with resource capacities, sustained production potential and human demography and from that examines the actuality and potential of a region for given economic activities, both in toto and per capita. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biophysical economics"
Coordinatorism is an economic system in which control is held neither by people who own capital, nor by the workers, but instead is held by an intervening class of coordinators, typically in the roles of managers, administrators, engineers, university intellectuals, doctors, lawyers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coordinatorism"
Development economics is a branch of economics that deals with ...more on Wikipedia about "Development economics"
Ecological economics is a branch of economics that addresses the interdependence and co-evolution between human economies and natural ecosystems. It has similarities to green economics and human development theory. These schools also embrace integration among diverse intellectual thoughts, and deem neoclassical economics as myopic and closed-minded; ecological economics seeks greater trans-disicplinary connections to solve complex issues facing humanity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ecological economics"
Emergy evaluation is an accounting system that has been continuosly developed by Howard T. Odum and colleagues around the world since the 1960s, but only became known by this term in the 80's. It is based on universal principles of ecological energetics and uses the Energy Systems Language to describe natural systems. Because it aims at synthesis and the unification of science, it is complex to understand, and currently rarely applied across all disciplines in the scientific community. Emergy accounting tries to provide a deeper understanding to the natural energy circles and a deeper level of challenge to current conceptions of sustainable living. Its concept can be seen as another way of measuring our needs, natural resources and wealth than the Ecological footprint-concept does. It is meant to provide a quantitative theory of qualitative value. It is a global, that is, noosphere, accounting system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Emergy Evaluation"
Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues (other usages of the term are not uncommon). In using standard methods of neo-classical economics, it is distinguished from green economics or ecological economics which subsumes the nonstandard approaches to environmental problems, environmental science/ environmental studies, or ecology. Quoting from the NBER Environmental Economics program: ...more on Wikipedia about "Environmental economics"
Experimental economics is the use of experimental methods to evaluate theoretical predictions of economic behaviour. Historically most economics experiments were conducted in the laboratory, but recently interest in economics field experiments has grown. ...more on Wikipedia about "Experimental economics"
Financial economics is the branch of economics concerned with the workings of financial markets, such as the stock market, and the financing of companies. It can be distinguished from other branches of economics by its "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade." The questions addressed are typically framed in terms of "time, uncertainty, options and information" ** . ...more on Wikipedia about "Financial economics"
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to scarcity in the health markets. ...more on Wikipedia about "Health economics"
Information economics is a branch of Economics that studies how information affects economic decisions. Information is special because it is so easy to spread, but so hard to control. It is easy to create, but hard to trust. And it influences many of our decisions. However, this special nature of information complicates many standard economic theories. ...more on Wikipedia about "Information economics"
Input-output economics was developed by Wassily Leontief. It uses a matrix representation of a nation's economy to predict the effect of changes in one industry on others and by consumers, government, and foreign suppliers and consumers on the economy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Input-output economics"
Institutional economics is a school of heterodox economics, with a focus going beyond economics' usual concentration on markets to the exclusion of all else. Instead it looks more closely at human-made institutions and views markets as a result of the complex interaction of these various insitutions (e.g. individuals, firms, states, social norms etc) . With the development of theories of asymmetric and distributed information an attempt was made to integrate institutionalism into neoclassical economics, under the title new institutional economics. However, this latter variant of institutionalism failed to supercede the classical school, because (heterodox economists argue) it was heir to all the flaws of neoclassical economics. Specifically, new institutional economics failed to avoid criticisms of reductionism and lack of realism: these were levelled at neoclassical economics for effectively ignoring institutions, and at new institutional economics for attempting to reduce institutions to 'rational' and 'efficient' resolutions to the problem of transactions costs. Modern institutionalism is thus sharply divided between new institutional economics represented by people like Nobel Prizewinner Douglass North and institutional political economy (an approach opposed to neoclassical economics) and its political adjunct neoliberalism chiefly associated with the Berkley sociologist Peter Evans and the Cambridge economist Ha-Joon Chang. ...more on Wikipedia about "Institutional economics" shortopedia rocks.
Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Islamic law. Because the Qur'an spoke against usury in the context of early Muslim society, it generally entails trying to remove or redefine interest rates from financial institutions. In doing so, Islamic economists hope to produce a more 'Islamic society'. However, liberal movements within Islam may deny the need for this field, since they generally see Islam as compatible with modern secular institutions and law. ...more on Wikipedia about "Islamic economics"
Media economics embodies economic theory and practical economic questions specific to media of all types. Of particular concern to media economics are the economic polices and practices of media companies and disciples including journalism and the news industry, film production, entertainment programs, print, broadcast, advertising and public relations. Deregulation of U.S. media, media ownership and concentration, market share, competitive economic strategies, "media tax." Media economics also have both social and economic implications. ...more on Wikipedia about "Media economics"
Non-market economics is the study of the production, trade, and distribution of goods and services via mechanisms other than the market. Non-market economies do not operate through the exchange of money. Some definitions extend "the market" to include ( barter), meaning that the only non-market economies are those that do not use barter or money. This type of exchange is also called reciprocity. This includes unilateral giving such as gifts and bilateral giving, meaning a person gives a gift expecting to be repaid at some unspecified time. ...more on Wikipedia about "Non-market economics"
Normative economics is the branch of economics that incorporates value judgments about what the economy should be like or what particular policy actions should be recommended to achieve a desirable goal. Normative economics looks at the desirability of certain aspects of the economy. It underlies expressions of support for particular economic policies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Normative economics"
Participatory economics, or parecon for short, is an economic system proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalism and also an alternative to centrally planned socialism or coordinatorism. It emerged from the work of activist and political theorist Michael Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s. ...more on Wikipedia about "Participatory economics"
(Pat Devine) === Introduction === ...more on Wikipedia about "Pat Devine"
In the 1970's, there was a flurry of research that sought to answer the questions of how prices of goods and services traded within a firm are determined. Many questions about how wages are determined inside a firm, and how the wages of the workers relate to one another within a firm, was raised as a result. Personnel economics was therefore developed to answer some of the questions raised. It is now a field where people examine the pay structure and promotions within . ...more on Wikipedia about "Personnel Economics"
Positive economics, value-free economics or wertfrei economics (from the German wertfrei, meaning value-free) is the part of economics that focuses on facts and cause-and-effect relationships. It includes descriptions, development and testing of economics theories. ...more on Wikipedia about "Positive economics"
The movement for Post-Autistic Economics was born through the work of Sorbonne economist Bernard Guerrien. Started in Spring 2000 by group of disaffected French economics students, Post-Autistic Economics first reached a wider audience in June 2000 after an interview in Le Monde. ...more on Wikipedia about "Post-Autistic Economics"
Public economics is the study of the public sector and its influence on the economy and society. ...more on Wikipedia about "Public economics"
Real estate economics is the application of economic techniques to real estate markets. It tries to describe, explain, and predict patterns of real estate prices, building production, and real estate consumption. The closely related field of housing economics is narrower in scope, concentrating on residential real estate markets. Both draw on partial equilibrium analysis ( supply and demand), urban economics, spatial economics, and finance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Real estate economics"
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