Volcanology Volcanology Rounded tephra balls between 2 and 64 mm in diameter are called accretionary lapilli if they consist of tiny volcanic ash particles. Volcanic ash sometimes form such balls in an eruption column or cloud, owing to moisture or electrostatic forces. Lapilli (singular: lapillus) means "little stones" in Italian. Acretionary lapilli are like volcanic hailstones that form by the addition of concentric layers of moist ash around a central nucleus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Accretionary lapilli"
The Alpide belt extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. It is the second most seismic region (5-6% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's largest earthquakes) in the world. The Pacific Ring of Fire is the most seismic region. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alpide belt"
Andesite is an igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. Its mineral assembly is usually quartz and plagioclase. Biotite, hornblende and pyroxene are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar is absent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Andesite"
Basalt is a common gray to black volcanic rock. It is usually fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava on the Earth's surface. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine matrix, or vesicular, or frothy scoria. ...more on Wikipedia about "Basalt"
Basanite is an igneous, volcanic ( extrusive) rock, of felsic composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. Mineral assembly is usually abundant feldspathoids and plagioclase, and lesser alkali feldspar. Pyroxenes (clinopyroxenes) and olivines are common accessory minerals. Quartz is absent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Basanite"
A batholith is a large emplacement of igneous intrusive (also called plutonic) rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite. ...more on Wikipedia about "Batholith"
Within the field of geology, Bowen's reaction series is the work of the petrologist, Norman L. Bowen who was able to explain why certain types of minerals tend to be found together while others are almost never associated with one another. He experimented in the early 1900's with powdered rock material that was heated until it melted and then allowed to cool to a certain temperature whereupon he observed the types of minerals that formed in the rocks produced. He repeated this process with progressively cooler temperatures and the results he obtained led him to formulate his reaction series which is still accepted today as the idealized progression of minerals produced by cooling magma. Based upon Bowen's work, one can infer from the minerals present in a rock the relative conditions under which the material had formed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bowen's reaction series"
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A caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of a volcano into itself. Calderas may be filled with water, creating crater lakes. The word 'caldera' comes from a Spanish word meaning "cauldron". ...more on Wikipedia about "Caldera"
Carbonatites are intrusive igneous rocks defined by a mineralogy which is greater than than 50% carbonate minerals. Carbonatites may be confused with marble, and may require geochemical verification. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbonatite"
Chimaera in antiquity, in addition to being the name of a monster, was the name of a volcanic site which was held , by euhemerizing geographers, to have inspired the myth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chimaera (geography)"
A cinder is a fragment of cooled pyroclastic material ( lava or magma). Cinders are either intrusive igneous (magma cooled inside the earth) or extrusive igneous (lava cooled outside of the earth). Cinders are similar to pumice, which has so many cavities and is such low-density that it can float on water. Pumice or cinders are used in soap, xeriscaping, mulch, and rock gardens. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cinder"
A cinder cone typically refers to a type of volcanic cone, see that article for more information. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cinder cone"
A Cryovolcano is literally, an icy volcano. Cryovolcanoes form on icy moons, ...more on Wikipedia about "Cryovolcano"
A dike or dyke in geology refers to a tabular intrusive igneous body. The thickness is usually much smaller than the other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a cross-cutting fissure, meaning a dike cuts across other pre-existing layers or bodies of rock, this means that a dike is always younger than the rocks that contain it. Dikes are usually high angle to near vertical in orientation, but subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the including sequence. Near horizontal or conformable intrusions along bedding planes between strata are called intrusive sills. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dike (geology)"
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In volcanology, ejecta consists of particles that came out of a volcanic vent, traveled though the air or under water, and fell back on the ground surface or on the ocean floor. Ejecta can consist of ...more on Wikipedia about "Ejecta"
Extrusive refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff. ...more on Wikipedia about "Extrusive (geology)"
A flood basalt is a giant volcanic eruption that coats large stretches of land with basalt lava. Flood basalts have occurred on continental scales in prehistory, creating great plateaux and mountain ranges that have survived many millions of years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Flood basalt"
A glacier run (literal translation of Icelandic "jökulhlaup") is due to the eruption of a volcano under a glacier. The ice over the volcano melts because of the heat, causing water to form a lake under the remaining ice-cap. Then the ice-cap collapses, or the water breaks through the barrier in front of it, and there follows a more or less disastrous flooding of the land below the mountain. A glacier run is a type of lahar. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glacier run"
A gryphon is a mud volcano feature, a steep-sided cone shorter than 3 m. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gryphon (geology)"
Haraldur Sigurðsson was born May 31, 1939 and grew up in Iceland where he developed an interest in volcanoes and their activity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Haraldur Sigurðsson"
In geology, a hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time. J. Tuzo Wilson came up with the idea in 1963 that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a "fixed" hot spot deep beneath the surface of the planet. Hotspots were thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up from the mantle-core boundary called a mantle plume ** , the latest geological evidence is pointing to upper-mantle convection as a cause ** ** ** . Geologists have identified some 40-50 such hotspots around the globe, with Hawaii, Réunion, Yellowstone, Galápagos, and Iceland overlying the most currently active. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hotspot (geology)"
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Hyaloclastite is a hydrated tuff-like breccia rich on black volcanic glass, formed during volcanic eruptions under water or under ice. It has the appearance of angular flat fragments sized between a millimeter to few centimeters. The fragmentation occurs by the force of the volcanic explosion, or by thermal shock during rapid cooling. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hyaloclastite"
Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock ( magma) cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive ( volcanic) rocks. This magma can be derived from either the Earth's mantle or pre-existing rocks made molten by extreme temperature and pressure changes. Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them formed beneath the surface of the Earth's crust. The word "igneous" is derived from the Latin ignis, meaning "fire". ...more on Wikipedia about "Igneous rock"
Ignimbrite is a compact volcanic pyroclastic rock typically of rhyolitic composition. Ignimbrite is primarily composed of fine-grained igneous fragments with a medium to high percentage of volcanic glass. Small phenocrysts of orthoclase feldspar sometimes occur as well. The overall colour of this rock type ranges from dark grey to bluish grey. Weathering can sometimes alter it to a pale pink presumably from iron oxidation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ignimbrite"
(Intrusion) :Pluton redirects here. For the ancient Roman god, see Pluto. For the French nuclear missile system, see Pluton missile. For the physical act of trespass with a possible intent to steal, see intruder. ...more on Wikipedia about "Intrusion"
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