Voting theory Voting theory Absolute majority is a supermajoritarian voting requirement which is stricter than a simple majority. It means that more than half of all the members of a group, including those absent and those present but not voting, must vote in favour of a proposition in order for that proposition to be passed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Absolute majority"
In voting systems, Arrow’s impossibility theorem, or Arrow’s paradox, demonstrates that no voting system meets all of a certain set of criteria when there are three or more choices. These criteria are called unrestricted domain, non-imposition, non-dictatorship, monotonicity, and independence of irrelevant alternatives, and are defined below. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arrow's impossibility theorem"
The D'Hondt method is a highest averages method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation. Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia, Finland, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey and Wales are among the places that use this allocation system, as do elections to the European Parliament in some countries. This system favors large parties slightly more than the other popular divisor method, Sainte-Laguë, does. The method is named after Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt. ...more on Wikipedia about "D'Hondt method"
In economics, dollar voting is an analogy used to explain how the purchasing choices of consumers affect which products will continue to be produced and supplied to the market. Every dollar paid for a particular product may be considered a "dollar vote" for that product, such that the products with the largest number of dollar votes generate the most profit and will therefore continue to be produced. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dollar voting"
In demographics, foot voting describes the tendency of people to vote with their feet, that is to migrate when they perceive situations to be more beneficial elsewhere. It is also used as an analogy to describe shifting political or commercial allegiances. ...more on Wikipedia about "Foot voting"
The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem is a result about voting systems designed to choose a single winner from the preferences of certain individuals, where each individual ranks all candidates in order of preference. It states that, for three or more candidates, one of the following three things must hold for every voting rule: ...more on Wikipedia about "Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem"
The Mierscheid-Law is an empirical law, published July 14 1983 in the German Vorwärts magazine by fictitious politician Jakob Maria Mierscheid, predicts the vote of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) based on the size of crude steel production in western Germany. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mierscheid Law"
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The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sub- group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has less power (whether political or economic) than a dominant group. Examples of minorities in this latter context include women in some countries and African Americans in Mississippi in the 1920s. ** ...more on Wikipedia about "Minority"
A plurality (or "relative majority") is the largest share of something, which may or may not be a majority. For example, if an election had three candidates, who received 40%, 25%, and 35% of the vote, the candidate with 40% would have a plurality, but not a majority. Some elections or voting methods require merely a plurality; the best-known is the First Past The Post system, sometimes called plurality voting, but other systems such as Borda count are also plurality-based. Other systems require a majority, using methods such as runoff voting if a majority is not initially produced. ...more on Wikipedia about "Plurality"
The Sainte-Laguë method of the highest average (sometimes identified with Webster's method or divisor method with standard rounding) is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It is named after French mathematician André Sainte-Laguë. ...more on Wikipedia about "Sainte-Laguë method"
The Schwartz set is a term used in regard to voting systems and is named after Thomas Schwartz. ...more on Wikipedia about "Schwartz set"
A simple majority is a majority in which the highest number of votes cast for any other candidate, issue, or item exceeds the second-highest number, while not constituting an absolute majority. It is the most common requirement in voting for a measure to pass, especially in deliberative bodies and small organizations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Simple majority"
In voting systems, the Smith set is the smallest set of candidates in a particular election such that each member beats every other candidate outside the set in a pairwise election. Ideally, this set consists of only one candidate, the Condorcet winner. Conversely, an occurrence of Condorcet's paradox implies that the set has more than one member. See also Schwartz set. This concept was devised by the mathematician J. H. Smith in 1973 (JH Smith, Aggregation of preferences with variable electorate, Econometrica, vol. 41, pp. 1027--1041, 1973). ...more on Wikipedia about "Smith set"
The spoiler effect is a term to describe the effect a candidate can have on a close election, in which their candidacy results in the election being won by a candidate dissimilar to them, rather than a candidate similar to them. ...more on Wikipedia about "Spoiler effect"
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Strategic nomination is the manipulation of an election through its candidate set (compare this to tactical voting, where the manipulation comes from the voters). Strategic nomination is not to be confused with campaign strategy, the methods candidates employ in political campaigns to win an election after nomination. ...more on Wikipedia about "Strategic nomination"
A supermajority or a qualified majority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level or type of support which exceeds a simple majority in order to have effect. For example: in some jurisdictions, parliamentary procedure requires that any action that may alter the rights of the minority has a supermajority requirement (such as a two-thirds majority). Changes to constitutions, especially those with entrenched clauses, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature. ...more on Wikipedia about "Supermajority"
In voting systems, tactical voting (or strategic voting) occurs when a voter misrepresents his or her sincere preferences in order to gain a more favorable outcome. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tactical voting"
A tally (also see tally sticks) is an unofficial private observation of an election count carried out under Proportional Representation using the Single Transferable Vote. Tallymen, appointed by political candidates and parties, observe the opening of ballot boxes and watch as the individual ballot papers are counted. Individual Tallymen may be placed to observe the opening of each box and watch as separate bundles of ballot papers are sorted, stacked and counted. They record their estimation of counts by marking votes for each candidate on their 'tally sheet' as a tick (/) which are then assembled together to produce a full prediction of what the likely outcome of the result will be. Many political parties, having been rival during elections, co-operate in producing a tally. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tally (voting)"
The voting paradox is a situation noted by the Marquis de Condorcet in the late 18th century, ...more on Wikipedia about "Voting paradox"
In the study of electoral systems, a wasted vote may be defined in 2 different ways: ...more on Wikipedia about "Wasted vote"
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